TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Çalışma, Türkiye'deki bireylerin sağlık düzeylerini belirleyen faktörleri ampirik olarak incelemektedir. Çalışma ayrıca mikro veri seti kullanarak Türkiye'de kapalı ortam hava kirliliğinin sağlık üzerindeki rolünü araştıran ilk makale olma özelliği ile de önem arz etmektedir. İlgili analizler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK) Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Anketi yatay kesit verileri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Yaş kohortları temelinde oluşturulan pseudo panel verileri kullanılarak uygulanan yöntemlerden birincisi olan Uyarlanmış Probit Sabit Etkiler Modeli ile, zamandan bağımsız değişen bölgesel karakteristiklerin kontrolü ve böylece tahminlerdeki yanlılığın önlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İkinci yöntem olan Rassal Etkiler Sıralı Logit Modeli de, ilk yöntemle elde edilen sonuçların bu yöntemle de geçerli olup olmadığını görmek için uygulanmıştır. Sosyoekonomik statü gibi fertlere ve hanehalklarına ait pek çok değişken analize dahil edilmiştir. Bunlardan eğitim ile gelirin ve onları takiben istihdam durumu ve medeni halin bireylerin sağlıklı olma hallerini etkileyen en önemli iki faktör olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Kapalı ortam hava kirliliğine ilişkin olarak, elektrik ve doğal gaz kullanımının kömür ve odun kullanımının tersine sağlığı pozitif yönde etkilediği bulunmuştur. Çalışmadaki nihai bulgular, eğitimde yeniden yapılandırma politikalarının, gelir eşitliğini sağlayıcı politikaların, temiz hava koşullarını sağlamaya yönelik girişimlerin sağlıklı bireylerin gelişiminde eşitsizliklerinin en aza indirgenmesinde önemli adımlar olabileceğini göstermektedir

___

  • Achia, T.N.O., A. Wangombe, N. Khadioli (2010), “A Logistic Regression Model to identify key determinants of poverty using demographic and health survey data”, European Journal ofSocial Sciences, 13(1), 38—46.
  • Adams, P., D.M. Hurd, L.D., A. McFaddenMerrill, T. Ribeiro (2003), “Healthy, Wealthy and Wise? Tests for Direct Causal Paths Between Health and Socioeconomic Status”, Journal ofEconometrics, 112(1), 3—56.
  • Aldwin, C, E. Greenberger (1987), “Cultural Differences in the Predictors of Depression”, American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(6), 789—813.
  • Auster, R., I. Leveson, D. Sarachek (1969), “The Production of Health: An Exploratory Study”, Journal ofHuman Resources, 4(4), 411—436.
  • Barro, R., X. Sala—I—Martin (1995), Economic Growth, New York: McGraw—Hill.
  • Benzeval, M., J. Taylor, K. Judge (2000), “Evidence on the Relationship Between Low Income and Poor Health: Is the Government Doing Enough?”, Fiscal Studies, 21(3), 375—399.
  • Bloom, D.E., D. Canning, J. Sevilla (2004), “The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: Production Function Approach”, World Development, 32(1), 1—13.
  • Brooks—Gunn, J., G.J. Duncan (1997), “The Effects of Poverty on Children”, Future of Children, 7(2), 55—71.
  • Contoyannis, P., M.A. Jones, N. Rice (2004), “The Dynamics of Health in the British Household Panel Survey”, Journal oprplied Econometrics, 19(4), 473—503.
  • Contoyannis, P., M.A. Jones (2004), “Socioeconomic Status, Health and Lifestyle”, Journal of Health Economics, 23(5), 965—995.
  • Currie, J., R. Walker (2011), “Traffic Congestion and Infant Health: Evidence from E—ZPass”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(1), 65—90.
  • Deaton, A. (1985), “Panel Data from Time Series of Cross—Sections”, Journal of Econometrics, 30(1), 109—126.
  • Deaton, S.A., H.C. Paxson (1998), “Ageing and Inequality in Income and Health”, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 88(2), 248—253.
  • Deaton, A. (2001), “Inequalities in Income and Inequalities in Health” in F. Welch (ed.), The Causes and Consequences of Increasing Inequality, Chicago: U. Chicago Press, 285— 313.
  • Deaton, A. (2002), “Policy Implications of the Gradient of Health and Wealth”, Health Aflairs, 21(2), 13—30.
  • Doornbos, M.M. (2001), “Professional Support for Family Caregivers of People With Serious and Persistent Mental Illnesses”, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing Mental Health Service, 39(12), 38—45.
  • Etiler, N. (2016). “Gender Differences in Self—Rated Health and their Determinants in Turkey: Further Analysis of Turkish Health Survey”, Turkish Journal of Public Health, 14(3), 152—166
  • Ettner, L.S. (1996), “New Evidence on the Relationship Between Income and Health”, Journal of Health Economics, 15(1), 67—85.
  • Fogel, R.W. (1994), “The Relevance of Malthus for the Study of Mortality Today: Long Run Influences on Health, Mortality, Labor Force Participation and Population Growt ”, NBER Historical Working Paper No: 54, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. http://Www.nber.org/papers/h0054.pdf
  • Frijters, P., J.P. Haisken—DeNew, M.A. Shields (2005), “The Causal Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from German Reunification”, Journal of Health Economics, 24(5), 997—1017.
  • Giovanis, E. (2014), “Relationship between Well—Being and Recycling Rates: Evidence from Life Satisfaction Approach in Britain”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 3(2), 201—214.
  • Grossman, M. (1972), The Demand for Health: Theoretical and Empirical Investigation, New York: NBER Books.
  • Grossman, M., R. Kaestner (1997), “Effects of Education on Health in .R. Berhman, N. Stacey (ed.), The Social Benefits of Education, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 69— 124.
  • Grossman, M., (2000), “Chapter 7: The Human Capital Model”, in A]. Culyer, J.P. Newhouse (ed.), Handbook of Health Economics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1, 347—408.
  • Hajdu T., G. Hajdu (2015), “Reduction of Income Inequality and Subjective Well—Being in Europe”, Economics: The Open—Access, Open—Assessment E—Journal, 8(2014—35), 1—29.
  • Halliday, T.J., M. Park, (2009), “Household Size, Home Health Care and Medical Expenditures”, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Economics, Working Paper, No:200916.
  • Haveman, R., B. Wolfe, J. Spaulding (1991), “Child Events and Circumstances Influencing High School Completion”, Demography, 28(1), 133—158.
  • Herzer D., P. Nunnenkamp (2015), “Income Inequality and Health: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries, Economics: The Open—Access, Open—Assessment E—Journal, 9(2015—4), 1—57.
  • Husain M.J., (2010), “Contribution of Health to Economic Development: Survey and Overview”, Economics: The Open—Access, Open-Assessment E—Journal, 4(2010—14), l— 52.
  • Huston, A.C., V.C. McLoyd, C.T. Garcia C011 (1994), “Children and Poverty: Issues in Contemporary Research Child Development, 65(2), 275—282.
  • International Energy Agency (2010). Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Turkey 2009 Review. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/turkev2009.pdf E.T: 10.04.2015
  • Janssen, N.A.H., J. Schwartz, A. Zanobetti, H.H. Suh (2002), “Air Conditioning and Source— Specific Particles as Modifiers of the Effect of PMlO on Hospital Admissions for Heart and Lung Disease”, Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(1), 43—49.
  • Karaoglan, D., A. Tansel (2017), “Determinants of Obesity in Turkey: Quantile Regression Analysis from Developing Country”, MPRA Paper No. 76250. https://mpra.ub.uni— muenchen.de/76250/
  • Kenkel, SD. (1995), “Should You Eat Breakfast? Estimates form Health Production Functions”, Health Economics, 4(1), 15—29.
  • Kessler, R.C., J.B. Turner, J.S. House (1988), “Effects of Unemployment on Health in Community Survey: Main, Modifying, and Mediating Effects”, Journal of Social Issues, 44(4), 69—85.
  • Laden, F., L.M. Neas, D.W. Dockery, J. Schwartz (2000), “Association of Fine Particulate Matter from Different Sources with Daily Mortality in Six US Cities”, Environmental Health Perspectives, 108( 10), 941—947.
  • Lercher, P., S. Stansfeld, S.J. Thompson (1998), “Non—auditory Health Effects of Noise: Review of the 1993—1998 Period” in N.L. Carter, R.F.S Job (ed.), Noise Efects 98: Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Noise as Public Health Problem, Sydney, Australia, 213—221.
  • Lercher P, G.W. Evans, M. Meis, W. Kofler (2002), “Ambient Neighborhood Noise and Children’s Mental Health”, Occupational Environment Medicine, 59(6), 380—386.
  • McConnell, R., K. Berhane, L.Yao, M. Jerrett, E.A. Gauderman, D. Thomas, J. Peters (2006), “Traffic, Susceptibility, and Childhood Asthma. Archives of Environmental Health 114(5), 766—772.
  • Oksuzyan, A., E. Crimmins, Y. Saito, A. O’Rand, J.W. Vaupel, K. Christensen (2010), “Cross— national comparison of sex differences in health and mortality in Denmark, Japan and the US”, European Journal oprialemiology, 25, 471—480
  • O’Neill, M.S., D. Loomis, V.H. Borja—Aburto (2004), “Ozone, Area Social Conditions, and Mortality in Mexico City”, Environmental Research, 94(3), 234—242.
  • Oosterlee, A., M. Drijver, E. Lebret, B. Brunekreef (1996), “Chronic Respiratory Symptoms in Children and Adults Living Along Streets with High Traffic Density”, Occupation and Environmental Medicine, 53(4), 241—247.
  • Or, Z. (2000), Determinants of Health Outcomes in Industrialised Countries: Pooled, Cross— country, Time Series Analysis, OECD Economic Studies No. 30, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France. http://Www.ppge.ufrgs.br/GIACOMO/arquivos/ec002072/0r—2000.pdf
  • Ostro, B., R. Broadwin, S. Green, W.Y. Feng, M. Lipsett (2006), “Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in Nine California Counties: Results from CALFINE”, Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(1), 29—33.
  • Ozdamar, 0., E. Giovanis (2014), Valuing the Efects ofAir and Noise Pollution on Health Status in Turkey, SSRN Working Paper No: 2525824. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2525824
  • Parnpel, F.C. (2003). “Declining Sex Differences in Mortality from lung Cancer in High—Income Nations”, Demography, 40, 45—65
  • Rieker, P.P., C.E. Bird (2005). “Rethinking Gender Differences in health: Why we need to Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives”, Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60B(Special Issue II), 40—47
  • Rodriguez, E. (2001), “Keeping the Unemployed Healthy: The Effect of Means—tested and Entitlement Benefits in Britain, Germany, and the United States”, American Journal of Public Health, 91(9), 1403—1411.
  • Rosenzweig, M. R., T.P. Schultz (1982), “Child Mortality and Fertility in Colombia: Individual and Community Effects”, Health Policy and Education, 2(3), 305—348.
  • Rosenzweig, M.R., T.P. Schultz (1983), “Estimating Household Production Function: Heterogeneity, the Demand for Health Inputs, and Their Effects on Birth Weight”, The Journal ofPolitical Economy, 91(5), 723—746.
  • Rosenzweig, M.R., T.P. Schultz (1991), “Who Receives Medical Care? Income, Implicit Prices, and the Distribution of Medical Services among Pregnant Women in the United States”, Journal ofHuman Resources, 26(3), 473—508.
  • Ross, C.E., J. Mirovsky (1995), “Does Unemployment Affect Health?”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(3), 230—243.
  • Salas, C. (2002), “On the Empirical Association between Poor Health and Low Socioeconomic Status at Old Age”, Health Economics, 11(3), 207—220
  • Schultz, TR (1984), “Studying the Impact of Household Economic and Community Variables on Child Mortality”, Population and Development Review, 10, 215—235.
  • Sen A. (1999), “Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure”, The Economic Journal, 108 (446), 1—25.
  • Shima, M., Y. Nitta, M. Ando, M. Adachi (2002), “Effects of Air Pollution on the Prevalence and Incidence of Asthma in Children”, Archives ofEnvironmental Health, 57(6), 529—535.
  • Sözmen, K., H. Baydur, H. Simsek, B. Ünal (2012), “Decomposing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Self Assessed Health in Turkey”, International Journal for Eauitv in Health, 11, 73.
  • Strauss, J., Thomas, D. (1998), ‘Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development”, Journal of Economic Literature, 36(2), 766—817.
  • Suresh, Y., M.M. Sailaja Devi, V. Manjari, U.N. Das (2000), “Oxidant Stress, Antioxidants, and Nitric Oxide in Traffic Police of Hyderabad, India”, Environmental Pollution, 109(2), 321—325.
  • Thomas, D., J. Strauss (1997), “Health and Wages: Evidence on Men and Women in Urban Brazil”, Journal ofEconometrics, 77(1), 159—185.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2012), Income and Living Conditions Survey Micro Data Set (Cross— Sectional), TURKSTAT, Ankara.
  • Van Praag, B., A. Ferrer—i—Carbonell (2004), Happiness Quantified: Satisfaction Calculus Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Van Vliet, P., M. Knape, J. De Hartog, N. Janssen, H. Hassema, B. Brunekreef (1997), “Motor Vehicle Exhaust and Chronic Respiratory Symptoms in Children Living Near Freeways”, Environmental Research, 74(2), 122—132.
  • Verbrugge, L.M. (1985), “Gender and health: an update on hypotheses and evidence”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26(3), 156—182.
  • Verbrugge, L.M., D.L. Wingard (1987), “Sex Differentials in Health and Mortality”, Women Health, 12(2), 103—145.
  • Wilkinson, RC. (1996), Unhealthy societies: The Afilictions of Inequality, London and New York: Routledge.
  • Wilson, S.H., G.M. Walker (1993), “Unemployment and Health: Review”, Public Health, 107(3), 153—162.
  • Wingard, D.L. (1984), “The Sex Differential in Morbidity, Mortality, and Lifestyle”, Annual Review ofPublic Health, 5, 433—458.
  • Waldron, I. (1985), “What do we Know About Causes of Sex Differences in Mortality? review of the literature”, Population Bulletin of the United Nations, 18, 59—76.