Oya Nuran EMİROĞLU, Ebru ÖZTÜRK ÇOPUR, Nilgün KURU ALICI

Türkiye’de 2012-2016 Yılları Arasında Basına Yansıyan Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Şiddet Olaylarının İncelenmesi

Bu çalışma, sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik yapılan şiddet olaylarını analiz etmek amacıyla tanımlayıcı bir araştırma olarak yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 2012-2016 döneminde sağlık çalışanları web sitesinde (http://www.saglikcalisanisagligi.org/siddet) yayınlanan şiddet olaylarıyla ilgili haberler analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında 597 makale alınmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler kullanılmış ve çalışmayı yürütmek için web sitesinin yönetiminden izin alınmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, en sık Marmara Bölgesi'nde (%26), devlet hastanelerinde (%53,5) ve acil servislerde (%34,5) şiddet olayları yaşanmıştır. Araştırmada hekimlerin şiddeti daha fazla yaşadığı (%62), en sık şiddetin sözel şiddet olduğu (%48), şiddet kullananların çoğunlukla hasta yakınları olduğu ve şiddet için en sık görülen nedenlerin hasta kaybı, bilgi eksikliği, uzun süre beklemek, hizmet alamamak, haksız davranış ve tartışmalar olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Haberlerde yer alan şiddet olaylarının sonuçlarına ilişkin bilgiler göz önüne alındığında, %59,7 oranında basına yansıyan bir sonuç olmadığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı şiddete neden olan durumları bilmek ve tıbbi kurumlarda bu nedenleri ortadan kaldırmak için önleyici stratejiler oluşturmanın önemini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın sonuçları doğrultusunda sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik şiddet haberlerinin dikkatsizce yazıldığı, ayrıntılardan yoksun olduğu ve düşmanca bir tarzda yapılandırıldığı ortaya konulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Sağlık çalışanları, İş sağlığı, Türkiye, Şiddet

Analysis on Incidents of Violence towards Health Care Workers in Turkey between 2012 and 2016: Reflected in the Press

This study was carried out as a descriptive study aiming to analyze the violence incidents towards health care workers. For this purpose in the period of 2012-2016 news about violence events published on the health care workers website (http://www.saglikcalisanisagligi.org/siddet) were analyzed. 597 articles were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the data and permission was taken from the website’s management to carry out the work. According to the results of this study violence incidents took place most frequently in the Marmara region (26%), at state hospitals (53.5%) and in emergency services (34.5%). It was determined in the study that doctors experienced violence more (62%), most frequent form of violence was verbal (48%), people using violence were mostly relatives of the patients, and the most frequent reasons shown for violence were loss of patient, lack of information, waiting in line for a long time, being unable to receive service, unruly behavior and arguments. Considering the information regarding the results of cases of violence in the news, no results were seen to be reflected in the press by 59.7% The aim of this study is to know the situations about causing violence and to reveal the importance of creating preventive strategies to eliminate these causes in medical institutions. In the light of these results, it has been revealed that the news of violence against health care workers were written carelessly, lacking details and they were structured in a hostile style.

Keywords:

Health care workers, Occupational health, Turkey, Violence,

PDF

___

1. World HealthOrganization. Violence and Health: Task Force on Violence and Health. Cenevre. WHO. 1998.
2. Saines JC.Violence and aggression in A&E: Recommendations for action. Accident and Emergency Nursing.1999;7(1):8-12.
3. ILO, WHO, ICN, PSI. Framework Guidlines for Addressing Workplace Violence in the Health Sector. Geneva: ILO. 2002.
4. Harrell E.Workplace violence, 1993-2009: National Crime Victimization Survey and the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries [Electronic version].2011.
5. Balamurugan G.Violence towards Nurses. International Journal of Nursing.2012; 1(1):1-7.
6. Ayranci U, Yenilmez C, Balci Y, Kaptanoglu C.Identification of violence in Turkish health care settings. J Interpers Violence. 2006;21(2):276-296.
7. Kaya S, Demir IB, Karsavuran S, Ürek D, Ilgün G. Violence against doctors and nurses in hospitals in Turkey. Journal of Forensic Nursing. 2016;12(1):26-34.
8. Atik D.Sağık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Şiddet Olgusunun Bir Devlet Hastanesi Örneğinde İncelenmesi Özet. E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy. 2013;8(1):1-15
9. Ayranci U. Violence toward healthcare workers in emergency departments in west Turkey. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2005;28(3):361-365
10. Özcan NK. Bilgin H. Türkiye'de Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Şiddet: Sistematik Derleme. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medica lSciences. 2011;31(6):1442-1456.
11. Erkol H, Gökdoğan MR., Erkol Z, Boz B Aggression and violence towards healthcare providers–A problem in Turkey?. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2007;14(7):423-428.
12. Ferrinho P, Biscaia A, Fronteira I, Craveiro I, Antunes AR, Conceição C, et al. Patterns of perceptions of workplace violence in the Portuguese healthcare sector. Human Resources for Health. 2003;1(1):1-11.
13. vanLeeuwen, ME, Harte JM. Violence against mental health care professionals: prevalence, nature and consequences. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 2015;1-18.
14. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for healthcare social service workers. In Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for healthcare social service workers. OSHA. 2004.
15. Magnavita N and Heponiemi T. Violence towards healthcare workers in a Public Health Care Facility in Italy: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research. 2012;12(1):1.
16. Fallahi-Khoshknab M, Oskouie F, Najafi F, Ghazanfari N, Tamizi Z, Afshani S.Physical violence against healthcare workers: A nation wide studyf rom Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2016;21(3):232.
17. İlhan MN, Özkan S, Kurtcebe ZÖ, Aksakal FN. Gazi üniversitesi tıp fakültesi hastanesinde çalışan araştırma görevlileri ve intörn doktorlarda şiddete maruziyet ve şiddetle ilişkili etmenler. Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni. 2009;28(3):15-23.
18. Kahriman İ. Hemşirelerin sözel ve fiziksel şiddete maruz kalma durumlarının belirlenmesi. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2014;5(2):77-83.
19. Annagür B. Sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik şiddet: risk faktörleri, etkileri, değerlendirilmesi ve önlenmesi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2010;2(2):161-173. 20. İlhan MN, Çakır M, Tunca MZ, Avcı E, Çetin E, Aydemir Ö, et al. Toplum gözüyle sağlık çalışanlarına şiddet: nedenler, tutumlar, davranışlar. Gazi Medical Journal. 2013; 24(1):5-10.
21. Dikmen EA. Sağlık hakkı’nda devletin koruma yükümlülüğü: sağlık çalışanlarına uygulanan şiddet açısından bir inceleme. Turkish Journal of Security Studies. 2015;17(3):79-95.
22. Fink-Samnick E.Thenewage of bullying and violence in healthcare: the inter Professional impact. Professional Case Management. 2015;20(4):165-174.
23. Ergil D.Şiddetin Kültürel Kökenleri. Bilim ve Teknik.2001;399:40- 41.
24. Avcı N, Arslan MK, Timlioğlu SI, Tay S, Meriç K, Ertenü M, Yekeler I. 2012-2015 Yılları arasında haydarpaşa numune eğitim ve araştırma hastanesi’ndeki beyaz kod bildirimleri. Health Care.2015;2(4): 211-214.
25. Gascón S, Martínez-Jarreta B, González-Andrade JF, Santed MÁ, Casalod Y, Rueda MÁ. Aggression towards healthcare workers in Spain: a multi-facility study to evaluate the distribution of growing violence among professionals, health facilities and departments. International journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2009;15(1):29-35.
26. WuD,Hesketh T, Zhou XD. Media contribution to violence against healthworkers in China: a content analysis study of 124 online media reports. TheLancet. 2015;386:81.
27. Durak TÇ, Yolcu S, Akay S, Demir Y, Kılıçaslan R, Değerli V, Parlak İ.Bozyaka Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi sağlık çalışanlarına hasta ve hasta yakınları tarafından uygulanan şiddetin değerlendirilmesi. Genel Tıp Dergisi. 2014;24:130-137.
28. Kowalenko T, Gates D, Gillespie GL, Succop P, Mentzel TK Prospective study of violence against ED workers. The American journal of Emergency Medicine. 2013; 31(1):197-205.
29. Magnavita N, Heponiemi T.Workplace violence against nursing students and nurses: An Italian experience. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2011;3(2):203-210.
30. Arimatsu M, Wada K, Yoshikawa T, Oda S, Taniguchi H, Aizawa Y, Higashi T. An epidemiological study of work-related violence experienced by physicians who graduated from a medical school in Japan. J Occup Health. 2008;50:357–61.
31. Algwaiz WM, Alghanim SA.Violence exposure among healthcare professionals in Saudi public hospitals. A preliminary investigation. Saudi Medical Journal. 2012;33(1):76-82.
32. McPhaul KM, Lipscomb JA.Workplace violence in healthcare: recognized but not regulated. Online J Issues Nurs. 2004;9(3):1-19.
33. Lanza ML, Zeiss RA, Rierdan J. NonPhysical Violence: A risk factor for physical violence in healthcare settings. AAOHN J. 2006;5(4):397-402.
34. Gerberich SG, Church TR, McGovern PM, et al. An epidemiological study of the Magnitude and Consequences of Work Related Violence: the Minnesota Nurses’ Study. Occup Environ Med. 2004;1(4):95-503.
35. Duncan S, Estabrooks CA, Reimer M. Violence Against Nurses. Alta RN, 2000;5(6):13-4.
36. Schablon A, Zeh A, Wendeler D, Wohlert C, Harling M, Peters C. Nienhaus A. Prevalence and consequences of violence and aggression against German healthcare workers – cross sectional Study. BMJ Open.2012;2(e001420):1-10
37. Chen WC, Hwu HG, Kung SM, Chiu HJ, Wang JD.Prevalence and determinants of workplace violence of healthcare workers in a psychiatric hospital in Taiwan. Journal of Occupational Health. 2008;50(3):288-293.
38. Franz S, Zeh A, Schablon A, Kuhnert S, Nienhaus A Aggression and violence against healthcare workers in Germany-a cross sectional retrospective survey. BMCHealth Services Research. 2010;10(1):1-8
39. Aytac S, Dursun S, Akalp G. Workplace Violence and Effects On Turn over Intention And Job Commitment: A Pilot Study Among Healthcare Workers In Turkey. European Scientific Journal, ESJ. 2016;12(10):458-465
40. Muzembo BA, Mbutshu LH, Ngatu NR, Malonga KF, Eitoku M, Hirota R, Suganuma N Workplace violence towards Congolese healthcare workers: A survey of 436 healthcare facilities in Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Occupational Health. 2014;1-43.
41. Sönmez M, Karaoğlu L, Egri M, Genç MF, Günes G, Pehlivan E.Prevalence of workplace violence against health staff in Malatya. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology. 2013;3(1):26-31.
42. Talas MS, Kocaöz S, Akgüç S. A survey of violence against staff working in the emergency department in Ankara, Turkey. Asian Nursing Research. 2011;5(4):197-203.
43. Xing K, Zhang X, Jiao M, Cui Y, Lu Y, Liu J, et al. Concern about workplace violence and its risk factors in Chinese township hospitals: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health. 2016;13(8):811.
44. Behnam M, Tillotson RD, Davis SM, Hobbs GR. Violence in the emergency department: a national survey of emergency medicine residents and attending physicians. J Emerg Med. 2011; 40: 565-79.
45. Akca N, Yılmaz A, Işık O. Sağlık Çalışanlarına Uygulanan Şiddet: Özel Bir Tıp Merkezi Örneği. Ankara Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi. 2014;13(1):1-11.
46. Karaca BK, Aydın B, Turla A, Dündar C. Characteristics of Occupational Violence Experienced by Physicians in Samsun and Their Opinions on Prevention Strategies. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine. 2015;20(2):76-82.
47. Lanctôt N, Guay S.The after math of workplace violence among healthcare workers: A systematic literature review of the consequences. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2014; 19(5):492-501.
48. Jawaid SA. Patient satisfaction, patient safety and increasing violence against healthcare professionals. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences.2014;31(1):1-3.
49. Kaplan B, Pişkin RE, Ayar B. Violence against healthcare workers. Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences. 2013;21(1):4-10.
50. Yu H, Hu Z, Zhang X, Li B, Zhou S. How to overcome violence against healthcare professionals, reduce medical disputes and ensure patient safety.Pak J Med Sci 2015;31(1):4-8.