Teknoloji Bağımlısı Çocuklarda Obeziteye Neden Olan Risk Faktörleri

Teknolojinin yaygınlaşması ile beraber artık birçok evin internete ulaşımı sağlanmıştır. Kullanımın yaygınlaşması beraberinde bağımlılıkları da getirmiştir. Televizyon bağımlılığı, internet bağımlılığı, mobil oyun bağımlılığı, sosyal medya bağımlılığı gibi birçok tanım literatüre girmiş ve üzerinde çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Tüm bu bağımlılık modelleri teknoloji bağımlılığı çatısında değerlendirilmektedir. Ekran başında geçen sürenin artması fiziksel inaktivite, psikososyal sorunlar, uyku bozuklukları, beslenme düzeninin bozulması, reklama maruz kalma ile sağlıksız besin tüketimlerinde artış gibi birçok faktörün obezite açısından risk oluşturduğu yapılan birçok çalışma ile de desteklemektedir. Obezite ile mücadele açısından fiziksel aktivite artırıcı uygulamaların arttırılması da önerilmektedir. Genel olarak bakıldığında teknolojinin doğru kullanımı ve bilgi düzeyinin artmasıyla risklerin en aza indirilebileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Teknoloji, Obezite, Bağımlılık, internet

Technology Addiction And Obesity Risk in Children

With the widespread use of technology, many houses now have access to internets. The widespread use has also caused many kinds of dependencies. Many definitions such as television addiction, internet addiction, mobile game addiction, social media addiction have entered into the literature and have been studied. All these dependency models are evaluated in the context of technology dependency. Increased time at the beginning of the screen, physical inactivity, psychosocial problems, sleep disorders, disruption of the diet, exposure to exposure to unhealthy food consumption increases many risk factors such as obesity is supported by many studies. It has also been proposed to increase physical activity-enhancing practices in terms of combating obesity. Nevertheless it is thought that the right use of technology and the increase in the level of knowledge can minimize the risks.

Keywords:

Technology, Obesity, Addiction, internet,

PDF

___

Dinç M., (2017). Teknoloji Bağımlılığı ve Biz. 1 ed. İstanbul: Türkiye Yeşilay Cemiyeti Yayınları.
Dinç M., (2014). İnternet Bağımlılığı ''Ne bilmeliyiz, ne yapmalıyız?''. 2 ed. İstanbul: Türkiye Yeşilay Cemiyeti Yayınları.
Sung J, Lee J, Noh H-M, Park YS, Ahn EJ. (2013). Associations between the risk of internet addiction and problem behaviors among Korean adolescents. Korean journal of family medicine, 34(2), 115-122.
Kim Y, Park JY, Kim SB, Jung I-K, Lim YS, Kim J-H., (2010). The effects of Internet addiction on the lifestyle and dietary behavior of Korean adolescents, Nutrition research and practice, 4(1), 51-57.
Choi K, Son H, Park M, et al. (2009). Internet overuse and excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 63(4), 455-462.
Lam LT, Peng Z-w, Mai J-c, Jing J., (2009). Factors associated with Internet addiction among adolescents. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 12(5), 551-555.
Çam HH, Nur N., (2015). Adölesanlarda internet baðýmlýlýðý prevalansý ile psikopatolojik semptomlar ve obezite arasýndaki iliþkinin incelenmesi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin., 14(3).
TUİK., (2013). 06-15 Yaş Grubu Çocuklarda Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanımı ve Medya. Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması-15866 http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=15866. Erişim: 06.11.2018
TUİK., (2017). Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması - 24862. Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24862. Erişim: 06.11.2018
Kormas G, Critselis E, Janikian M, Kafetzis D, Tsitsika A., (2011). Risk factors and psychosocial characteristics of potential problematic and problematic internet use among adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health, 11(1), 595.
Şaşmaz T, Öner S, Kurt AÖ, et al., (2013). Prevalence and risk factors of Internet addiction in high school students. The European Journal of Public Health, 24(1), 15-20.
Ozturk, F. O., Ekinci, M., Ozturk, O., & Canan, F. (2013). The relationship of affective temperament and emotional-behavioral difficulties to internet addiction in Turkish teenagers. ISRN psychiatry, 2013.
Irmak, A. Y., & Erdoğan, S. (2016). Ergen ve genç erişkinlerde dijital oyun bağımlılığı: güncel bir bakış. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 27(2), 128-37.
Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J., Thompson, D., Buday, R., Jago, R., Griffith, M. J., ... & Watson, K. B. (2011). Video game play, child diet, and physical activity behavior change: A randomized clinical trial. American journal of preventive medicine, 40(1), 33-38.
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., & Sjöström, M. (2007). Physical activity, overweight and central adiposity in Swedish children and adolescents: the European Youth Heart Study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 4(1), 61.
Cleland, V. J., Schmidt, M. D., Dwyer, T., & Venn, A. J. (2008). Television viewing and abdominal obesity in young adults: is the association mediated by food and beverage consumption during viewing time or reduced leisure-time physical activity?–. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(5), 1148-1155.
Decelis, A., Jago, R., & Fox, K. R. (2014). Physical activity, screen time and obesity status in a nationally representative sample of Maltese youth with international comparisons. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 664.
Mitchell, J. A., Rodriguez, D., Schmitz, K. H., & Audrain‐McGovern, J. (2013). Greater screen time is associated with adolescent obesity: a longitudinal study of the BMI distribution from ages 14 to 18. Obesity, 21(3), 572-575.
Hancox, R. J., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2004). Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: a longitudinal birth cohort study. The Lancet, 364(9430), 257-262.
Reilly, J. J., Armstrong, J., Dorosty, A. R., Emmett, P. M., Ness, A., Rogers, I., ... & Sherriff, A. (2005). Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. Bmj, 330(7504), 1357.
Sugimori, H., Yoshida, K., Izuno, T., Miyakawa, M., Suka, M., Sekine, M., ... & Kagamimori, S. (2004). Analysis of factors that influence body mass index from ages 3 to 6 years: a study based on the Toyama cohort study. Pediatrics International, 46(3), 302-310.
Adachi-Mejia, A. M., Longacre, M. R., Gibson, J. J., Beach, M. L., Titus-Ernstoff, L. T., & Dalton, M. A. (2007). Children with a TV in their bedroom at higher risk for being overweight. International journal of obesity, 31(4), 644.
Dennison, B. A., Erb, T. A., & Jenkins, P. L. (2002). Television viewing and television in bedroom associated with overweight risk among low-income preschool children. Pediatrics, 109(6), 1028-1035.
Barr-Anderson, D. J., Van Den Berg, P., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Story, M. (2008). Characteristics associated with older adolescents who have a television in their bedrooms. Pediatrics, 121(4), 718-724.
Ko C-H, Yen J-Y, Yen C-F, Chen C-S, Chen C-C. The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. European Psychiatry. 2012;27(1):1-8.
Ceyhan, E., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2011). Çocuk ve ergenlerde bilgisayar ve İnternet kullanımının gelişimsel sonuçları. Bilgisayar II, 165-188.
Ybarra, M. L., Alexander, C., & Mitchell, K. J. (2005). Depressive symptomatology, youth Internet use, and online interactions: A national survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(1), 9-18.
Gentile, D. A., Choo, H., Liau, A., Sim, T., Li, D., Fung, D., & Khoo, A. (2011). Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, peds-2010.
Tsitsika, A., Critselis, E., Louizou, A., Janikian, M., Freskou, A., Marangou, E., ... & Kafetzis, D. A. (2011). Determinants of Internet addiction among adolescents: a case-control study. The Scientific World Journal, 11, 866-874.
Tahiroglu, A. Y., Celik, G. G., Fettahoglu, C., Yildirim, V., Toros, F., Avci, A., ... & Uzel, M. (2010). Problematic internet use in the psychiatric sample compared community sample/Psikiyatrik bozuklugu olan ve olmayan ergenlerde problemli internet kullanimi. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 47(3), 241-247.
Bozkurt, H., Coskun, M., Ayaydin, H., Adak, I., & Zoroglu, S. S. (2013). Prevalence and patterns of psychiatric disorders in referred adolescents with Internet addiction. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 67(5), 352-359.
Kelleci, M., Guler, N., Sezer, H., & Golbasi, Z. (2009). Relationships gender and psychiatric symptoms with duration of internet use among high school students. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 8(3), 223-230.
Balcıoğlu, İ., & Başer, S. Z. (2008). Obezitenin psikiyatrik yönü. İÜ Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri Sempozyum Dizisi, 62(1), 341-348.
Luppino, F. S., de Wit, L. M., Bouvy, P. F., Stijnen, T., Cuijpers, P., Penninx, B. W., & Zitman, F. G. (2010). Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Archives of general psychiatry, 67(3), 220-229.
Rofey, D. L., Kolko, R. P., Iosif, A. M., Silk, J. S., Bost, J. E., Feng, W., ... & Dahl, R. E. (2009). A longitudinal study of childhood depression and anxiety in relation to weight gain. Child psychiatry and human development, 40(4), 517-526.
Dallar, Y., Erdeve, Ş. S., Çakır, İ., & Köstü, M. (2006). Obezite, çocuklarda depresyon ve özgüven eksikliğine neden oluyor mu. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi, 48(1), 1-3.
Erermis, S., Cetin, N., Tamar, M., Bukusoglu, N., Akdeniz, F., & Goksen, D. (2004). Is obesity a risk factor for psychopathology among adolescents?. Pediatrics International, 46(3), 296-301.
Fullerton, S., Taylor, A. W., Dal Grande, E., & Berry, N. (2014). Measuring physical inactivity: do current measures provide an accurate view of “sedentary” video game time?. Journal of obesity, 2014.
Ballard, M., Gray, M., Reilly, J., & Noggle, M. (2009). Correlates of video game screen time among males: body mass, physical activity, and other media use. Eating behaviors, 10(3), 161-167.
Koezuka, N., Koo, M., Allison, K. R., Adlaf, E. M., Dwyer, J. J., Faulkner, G., & Goodman, J. (2006). The relationship between sedentary activities and physical inactivity among adolescents: results from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(4), 515-522.
Kautiainen, S., Koivusilta, L., Lintonen, T., Virtanen, S. M., & Rimpelä, A. (2005). Use of information and communication technology and prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents. International journal of obesity, 29(8), 925.
Mota, J., Ribeiro, J., Santos, M. P., & Gomes, H. (2006). Obesity, physical activity, computer use, and TV viewing in Portuguese adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18(1), 113-121.
Eaton, D. K., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S., Ross, J., Hawkins, J., ... & Lim, C. (2008). Youth risk behavior surveillance--United States, 2007. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, DC: 2002), 57(4), 1-131.
Maher, C., Olds, T. S., Eisenmann, J. C., & Dollman, J. (2012). Screen time is more strongly associated than physical activity with overweight and obesity in 9‐to 16‐year‐old Australians. Acta Paediatrica, 101(11), 1170-1174.
Cappuccio, F. P., Taggart, F. M., Kandala, N. B., Currie, A., Peile, E., Stranges, S., & Miller, M. A. (2008). Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep, 31(5), 619-626.
Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2004). Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS medicine, 1(3), e62.
Gangwisch, J. E., Malaspina, D., Boden-Albala, B., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2005). Inadequate sleep as a risk factor for obesity: analyses of the NHANES I. Sleep, 28(10), 1289-1296.
Foti, K. E., Eaton, D. K., Lowry, R., & McKnight-Ely, L. R. (2011). Sufficient sleep, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors. American journal of preventive medicine, 41(6), 596-602.
King, D. L., Gradisar, M., Drummond, A., Lovato, N., Wessel, J., Micic, G., ... & Delfabbro, P. (2013). The impact of prolonged violent video‐gaming on adolescent sleep: an experimental study. Journal of sleep research, 22(2), 137-143.
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., First, M. B., & Brook, J. S. (2004). Association between television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 158(6), 562-568.
Sekine, M., Yamagami, T., Handa, K., Saito, T., Nanri, S., Kawaminami, K., ... & Kagamimori, S. (2002). A dose–response relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood obesity: results of the Toyama Birth Cohort Study. Child: care, health and development, 28(2), 163-170.
Lytle, L. A., Pasch, K., & Farbaksh, K. (2010, May). Is sleep related to obesity in young adolescents. In Pediatric Academic Societies meeting.
Harris, J. L., Bargh, J. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2009). Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior. Health psychology, 28(4), 404.
Giammattei, J., Blix, G., Marshak, H. H., Wollitzer, A. O., & Pettitt, D. J. (2003). Television watching and soft drink consumption: associations with obesity in 11-to 13-year-old schoolchildren. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 157(9), 882-886.
Krebs-Smith, S. M., Cook, D. A., Subar, A. F., Cleveland, L., Friday, J., & Kahle, L. L. (1996). Fruit and vegetable intakes of children and adolescents in the United States. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 150(1), 81-86.
Zimmerman, F. J., & Bell, J. F. (2010). Associations of television content type and obesity in children. American Journal of Public Health, 100(2), 334-340.
Montgomery, K. C., & Chester, J. (2009). Interactive food and beverage marketing: targeting adolescents in the digital age. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(3), S18-S29.
Harrison, K., & Marske, A. L. (2005). Nutritional content of foods advertised during the television programs children watch most. American journal of public health, 95(9), 1568-1574.
Powell, L. M., Szczypka, G., Chaloupka, F. J., & Braunschweig, C. L. (2007). Nutritional content of television food advertisements seen by children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics, 120(3), 576-583.
Kunkel, D., McKinley, C., & Stitt, C. (2010). Food advertising during children's programming: a two-year comparison. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.
Stitt, C., & Kunkel, D. (2008). Food advertising during children's television programming on broadcast and cable channels. Health communication, 23(6), 573-584.
Powell, L. M., Szczypka, G., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2007). Exposure to food advertising on television among US children. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 161(6), 553-560.
Gantz, W., Schwartz, N., Angelini, J. R., & Rideout, V. (2007). Food for thought: Television food advertising to children in the United States.
Weber, K., Story, M., & Harnack, L. (2006). Internet food marketing strategies aimed at children and adolescents: a content analysis of food and beverage brand web sites. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(9), 1463-1466.
Borzekowski, D. L., & Robinson, T. N. (2001). The 30-second effect: an experiment revealing the impact of television commercials on food preferences of preschoolers. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(1), 42-46.
Bell, R. A., Berger, C. R., Cassady, D., & Townsend, M. S. (2005). Portrayals of food practices and exercise behavior in popular American films. Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 37(1), 27-32.
Sutherland, L. A., MacKenzie, T., Purvis, L. A., & Dalton, M. (2010). Prevalence of food and beverage brands in movies: 1996–2005. Pediatrics, peds-2009.68.
Tao, Z. L., & Liu, Y. (2009). Is there a relationship between Internet dependence and eating disorders? A comparison study of Internet dependents and non-Internet dependents. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 14(2-3), e77-e83.
LeBlanc, A. G., Chaput, J. P., McFarlane, A., Colley, R. C., Thivel, D., Biddle, S. J., ... & Tremblay, M. S. (2013). Active video games and health indicators in children and youth: a systematic review. PloS one, 8(6), e65351.
Lyons, E. J., Tate, D. F., Ward, D. S., & Wang, X. (2012). Energy intake and expenditure during sedentary screen time and motion-controlled video gaming–. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 96(2), 234-239.
Graf, D. L., Pratt, L. V., Hester, C. N., & Short, K. R. (2009). Playing active video games increases energy expenditure in children. Pediatrics, 124(2), 534-540.