Analysis of Temporal Change Taking Place at the Coastline and Coastal Area of the South Coast of the Marmara Sea

Kıyı çizgisinde zamana bağlı değişiminin belirlenmesi sürdürülebilir kıyı gelişim planlarının yapılmasında büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada kıyı kullanım ve değişiminin en belirgin olarak yaşandığı denizlerimizden birisi olan Marmara Denizi'nin güney kıyılarında zamana bağlı kıyı çizgisi değişimi belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla 1984, 2003 ve 2011 yıllarına ait 30 m çözünürlüklü Landsat TM uydu görüntüleri ile 2008 yılı 0,45 cm çözünürlüklü renkli ortofotolar kullanılarak eski ve yeni kıyı çizgileri tespit edilmiştir. Erdas Imagine 10 ve ArcGis 10 yazılım ve teknikleri kullanılarak uydu görüntülerinin geometrik doğrulaması yapılmış ve daha sonra elde edilen kıyı çizgilerinden ve arazi incelemelerinden kıyı değişimi analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda 1984 ve 2011 yılları arasında geçen 27 yıllık sürede Çanakkale-Çardak ile Yalova arasında 5,76 km²'lik alan doldurulurken, 1,15 km² alandan da kum alınarak kıyının geriletildiği tespit edilmiştir. 1984 yılında 521 km olan çizgisi de 2011 yılında 560 km'ye ulaşmıştır. Sahada en belirgin kıyı değişimin Yalova, Gemlik, Mudanya ve Bandırma kıyılarında olduğu görülmüştür. Lapseki, Gelibolu, Gönen, Karacabey ve Kapıdağ Yarımadası'nın kuzeyinde kıyı şeridi doğal kıyı olma özelliğini korumaktadır. Kıyı alanlarındaki düzensiz yerleşim, deniz ile insanların temasının kesilmesine neden olduğundan, kıyılarda kamu yararına yeşil alanların tekrar oluşturulması amacıyla kıyıya dolgu yapılması çözümü bulunmuştur. Ancak, kıyılara yapılan dolgular, hassas ekolojik özellikli kıyı alanlarının turizm ve kentsel kaynaklı gelişmelerin baskısı ile karşı karşıya kalmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu nedenle Marmara Denizi güney kıyılarında kıyı dolgu alanları ile yavaş yavaş doğal kıyı mekânı yok edilerek, kıyı çizgisi de asli görünümünü kaybetmiştir. Bu nedenle Marmara Denizi güney kıyılarında kıyı dolgu alanları ile yavaş yavaş doğal kıyı mekânı yok edilerek, kıyı çizgisi de asli görünümünü kaybetmiştir. Görünen o ki kıyı alanlarında nüfus artışı ve kullanıma yönelik baskılar, sadece geçmişte ve günümüzde değil, aynı zamanda gelecekte de devam edecektir. Bu nedenle kıyı alanlarının gelecekte uzun süreli kullanımlar için sürdürülebilir ve kalıcı planlama ve yeni düzenlemelerin yapılması gerekmektedir.

Marmara Denizi Güney Kıyılarında Kıyı Çizgisi ve Kıyı Alanda Meydana Gelen Zamansal Değişim Analizi

Owing to the fact that determining the temporal change at the coastline is highly significant in maintaining sustainable coastal development plans, this study focuses on the temporal coastline change in the south coasts of the Marmara Sea, which is one of the seas where coastal use and change are the most obvious. Therefore, old and new coastlines have been determined by using Landsat TM images with 30m resolution from the years 1984, 2003 and 2011 as well as colorful orthophotographs of the year 2008 with 0,45 cm resolution. Geometrical confirmation of satellite images were effectuated by using software and techniques of Erdas Imagine 10 and ArcGis 10 and then the coastal analyses from the obtained coastlines and land examinations have been conducted. According to the result of the study, an area of 5,76 km² have been filled between Çanakkale-Çardak and Yalova within 27 years of time between the years 1984 and 2011. The study also reached a conclusion that mining sand was effectuated in an area of 1,15 km² and thus the coast was pulled back. The line that was 521 km in 1984 reached 560 km in 2011. The most obvious coastal change was seen to be in the coasts of Yalova, Gemlik, Mudanya and Bandırma. The coastal bend, located in Lapseki, Gönen, Karacabey and in the south of Kapıdağ Peninsula, still remains to be a natural coastline. Even though irregular settlements in the coastal areas of cities cut off people's contact with the sea, the solution of filling the coasts was found for the purpose of recreating green spaces in the interest of the public. However, the coastal areas, which have sensitive ecological features, face with pressures of tourism and urban-based developments due to these landfills in the coasts. Therefore, coastal landfills in the southern coasts of the Marmara Sea gradually destroy the natural coastal spaces and the coastline also lost its original appearance. The population growth and pressures on using the land in the coastal areas have always continued and will continue in the future. Hence, it is essential have new regulations and sustainable permanent plans for long term uses in the future.

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