Çevresel elf manyetik alanların etkileri: Kobay deri kollagen sentezinde değişimler ve deney hayvanından insana ölçülendirme

Amaç: ELF çevre manyetik alanların deri hidroksiprolin miktarını nasıl etkilediğini araştırdığımız çalışma deneysel ve teorik olmak üzere iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Deneysel olarak 50 Hız titreşimli 1 mT, 2 mT ve 3 mT alanların uygulandığı kobayların deri hidroksiprolin seviyesinde oluşan değişimler saptandı. Teorik çalışmada ise kobay ve insan küresel modellenerek insan : kobay oranını veren ölçülendirme faktörü (ÖF) hesaplandı. Yapılan çalışmanın insanlar için ne anlama geldiğini açıklayabilmek amacıyla kobaya uygulanan manyetik alanların insan eşdeğer seviyeleri hesaplandı Yöntem: Toplam 36 adet kobay, 50 Hz'lik manyetik alanların, 1 mT, 2 mT ve 3 mT şiddetlerinde ve günde 4 saat olmak üzere 5 gün boyunca uygulandığı toplam 3 grup ve bir de kontrol grubu olarak çalışıldı. Kobayların deri hidroksiprolin miktarı Woessner'in modifiye yöntemi ile saptandı. Manyetik alanlar Helmholtz Bobin Sisteminden elde edildi. İki farklı küresel modelleme yaklaşımı ile ÖF elde edildi. Kobaylara uygulanan B alanların (1 mT, 2 mT ve 3 mT) insanlar için eşdeğeri hesaplandı. Bulgular: 1 mT şiddetinde uygulanan manyetik alan deri hidroksiprolin miktarını azaltırken, 2 mT alan şiddetinde daha fazla olmak üzere, 2 mT ve 3 mT şiddetlerinin deri hidroksiprolin miktarını artırdığı belirlendi. Teorik modelleme çalışmaları sonucunda indüklenen E alan ve akımlar bulundu, ortalama ÖF değeri 5,27 hesaplandı. Sonuç: 50 Hz frekanslı 1 mT, 2 mT ve 3 mT şiddetlerindeki manyetik alanların kobay derisinde hidroksiprolin miktarını değiştirdiği (artış/azalış) belirlendi. Deney hayvanlarında bu alanların indüklediği akım yoğunlukları ve E alanlar düzeyinde alan ve akımları insanda indükleyecek manyetik alanlar sırası ile 0,19 mT, 0,38 mT ve 0,57 mT hesaplandı.

Effects of ambient elf magnetic fields: Variations in collagen synthesis of guinea pigs' skin and scaling from animals to humans

Purpose: This investigation concerned theoretical and experimental stu¬dies performed to assess the ELF magnetic fields effects on collagen syn¬thesis in the skin. 50 Hz of 1 mT (milliTesla), 2 mT and 3 mT fields were applied to guinea pigs and alterations in skin hydroxyproline levels were determined. The functionally equivalent exposure of humans was estimated from the guinea pigs' exposure by a scaling factor (SF). Methods: Thirty-six male Guinea pigs weighing 250-300 g were used. Magnetic fields were generated by a pair of Helmholtz coils. The Gui¬nea pigs were exposed to the fields of 1 mT, 2 mT and 3 mT, inside the systems for 4 hours/day over 5 days in 3 different groups. Nine animals served as controls, kept under the same conditions without being exposed to any magnetic fields. Skin hydroxyproline concentrations were determined by Woessner's method. SF was calculated as a ratio of human to Guinea pig to obtain the human equivalence of the magnetic fields used in the experimental study by means of spherical models having dimensions representing humans and Guinea pigs. Results: Hydroxyproline concentrations in the guinea pigs exposed to the 1mT magnetic field were decreased. Magnetic fields of 2 mT and 3 mT increased the hydroxyproline concentrations in exposed guinea pigs but 2mT was more effective than 3 mT. Average SF was calculated as 5.27, depending on the induced E fields and currents in the models. Conclusion: Guinea pigs' skin hydroxyproline levels were affected by ELF magnetic fields of 1 mT, 2 mT and 3 mT, and the same effects could be expected to occur in humans' skin at the levels of 0.19 mT, 0.38 mT and 0.57 mT, respectively.

PDF

___

1. 1. Best S. Killing Fields: The Epidemiological Evidence, Electronics World + Wireless World, Non-Ionizing Radiation 1990; February: 98-106
2. Sheppard A, Eisenbud M. Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields of Extremely Low Frequency, New York University Press,1977.
3. Grandolfo M, Vecchia P. Natural and Man-Made Environmental Exposures to Static and ELF Electromagnetic Fields. In Grandolfo M, Michaelson SM, Rindi A. (eds): Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Static and ELF Electromagnetic Fields. New York: Plenum Press;1985. p. 49-71.
4. Canseven AG. Değişik Şiddet ve Süreli Manyetik Alanların Deri Hidroksiprolin Seviyesine Etkisi. Doktora Tezi 1998. Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyofizik Anabilim Dalı. Ankara.
5. Frey AH. An Integration of the Data on Mechanisms with Particular Reference to Cancer. In Frey AH. (ed): Medical Intelligence Unit: On the Nature of Electromagnetic Field Interactions with Biological Systems. Austin USA: R.G. Landes Company; 1994. p.9.
6. WHO Fact Sheet No 263, Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health- Extremely Low Frequency Fields and Cancer, October 2001 (http://www.who.int/docstore/peh-emf/publications/facts_press/efact/efs263.htm
7. Kheifets L. Childhood Leukemia and EMF, WHO EMF Project, Workshop : Sensitivity of Children to EMF Exposure. Proceedings, 9-10 June 2004, Istanbul TURKEY.
8. Report of an Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation: ELF Electromagnetic Fields and the Risk of Cancer Doc. NRPB 2001, 12, No. 1,3-179.
9. Kaune WT, Phillips RD. Dosimetry for Extremely Low-Frequencological Effects and Dosimetry of Static and ELF Electromagnetic Fields. New York: Plenum Press; 1985. p. 145-165.
10. Tenford TS. Interaction of ELF Magnetic Fields with Living Matter. In Polk C, Postow E (eds): CRC Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Boston: CRC Press; 1986. p. 197-228.
11 Rafferty CN, Phillips RD, Guy AW. Dosimetry Workshop: Extre-mely-Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1992; Suppl.l: 1-10.
12 Internal Dosimetry, Working Group Report, EMF RAPID : Assessment of Health Effects from exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields, Chapter 3, 1998 www.niehs.nih.gov/emf-rapid/WGReport /WorkingGroup .html
13 Canseven AG, Seyhan N. Hayvan Deneylerine Uygun Manyetik Alan Düzeneğinin Tasarımı ve Gerçekleştirilmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonu (AFS) Projesi Kesin Raporu 1997. TF 01 / 96-21.
14 Canseven AG, Seyhan N. Manyetik Alanın Biyolojik Sistemlere Etkisi. TÜBİTAK, Araştırma Projesi Sonuç Raporu 1996. TBAG-1240.
15. Canseven AG, Seyhan N. Değişik Şiddet ve Süreli Manyetik Alanların Deri Hidroksiprolin Seviyesine Etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonu (AFS) Projesi Kesin Raporu 2001. (AFS)-11 / 98-12.
16. Woessner JF. The determination of hydroxyproline in tissue and protein samples containing small proportions of this iminoacid. Arch. Biochem. Biophys 1961; 93: 240-247.
17. Polk C. Bioelectromagnetic Dosimetry. In Blank M (ed): Electromagnetic Field : Biological Interactions and Mechanisms, Advances in Chemistry Series 250, American Chemical Society. USA: Washington DC: San Francisco Press, Inc; 1993. p. 57-78.
18. Stuchly MA, Lecuyer DW, McLean J. Cancer Promotion in a MauseSkin Model by a 60 Hz Magnetic Field: I. Experimental Design and Exposure System. Bioelectromagnetics 1991; 12: 261-271.
19. Passange E. Color Atlas of Genetics. Thieme Medical Publishers Inc: New York; 1995.
20. Montgomery R, Conway TW, Spector AA, Chappell D. Biochemistry: A Case Oriented Approach. Sixth ed.: Mosby-Year Book Inc.: St. Lois Missouri; 1996.
21. Gartner LP, Hiatt JL. Color Textbook of Histology. W.B. Saunders Company: Pennsylvania: USA; 1997.
22. Kanagy JR. Sorption of Water by Collagen. In Elden HR. (ed): Biophysical Properties of the Skin. USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 1971. p.373.
23. Canseven AG. Düşük Şiddetli Sabit Akımların Yara Kollagen Sentezine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi 1993. Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyofizik Anabilim Dalı. Ankara
24. Canseven AG, Atalay Seyhan N. Yara İyileşmesinde Kollagen Sentezi-Elektrik Akımı Etkileşimi. Türkiye Tıp Dergisi 1995; 2: 71-77.
25. Canseven AG, Atalay Seyhan N. Is it possible to trigger the collagen synthesis by electric current in skin wounds? Indian J Biochem. Biophys 1996; 33: 223-227.
26. Hoath SB, Donnelly MM, Boissy BE. Sensory transduction and mammalian epidermis, biosensors and bioelectronics 1990; 5: 351-366.
27. Bhagavan NV. Medical Biochemistry. Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc.: Boston; 1992.
28. Canseven AG, Seyhan N. Changes in Skin Hydroxyproline Levels under the Effect of Magnetic Fields, World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 23-28 July, 2000, Navy Pier, Chicago (from CD / TU-B205-04).
29. Canseven AG, Seyhan N. AC Manyetik Alanların Deri Kollagen Sentezine Etkisi, XIII. Ulusal Biyofizik Kongresi, ESKİŞEHİR, 2001, Bildiri Özetleri, S19
30. Reinbold KA, Pollack SR. Serum plays a critical role in modulating [Ca2+]c of primary culture bone cells exposed to weak ion-resonance magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1997; 18: 203-214.
31. Litovitz TA. Montrose CJ, Wang W. Dose-response implications of the transient nature of electromagnetic field-induced bioeffects: theoretical hypotheses and predictions, Bioelectromagnetics 1992; suppl. 1:237-246.
32. Güzelsu N, Salkind AJ, Shen X, Patel SU, Thaler S, Berg RA. Effect of electromagnetic stimulation with different waveforms on cultured chick tendon fibroblasts. Bioelectromagnetics 1994; 15:115-131.
33. Miller DL. Miniature-probe measurements of electric fields and currents induced by 60 Hz magnetic field in rat and human model. Bioelectromagnetics 1991; 12: 157-171.
34. Kaune WT, Guttman JL, Kavet R. Comparison of coupling of humans to electric and magnetic fields with frequencies between 100 Hz and 100 kHz, Bioelectromagnetics 1997; 18: 67-76.
35. Canseven AG, Seyhan N. Ellipsoid Models for Human and Guinea Pigs Exposed to Magnetic Fields. The 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), 11-16 Mayıs 2003, İstanbul, Turkey.
36. Dawson TW, Stuchly MA. High-resolution organ dosimetry for human exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 1998; 34: 708-718.
37. Stuchly MA, Zhao S. Magnetic field-induced currents in the human body in proximity of power lines. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1996; 11: 102-109.
38. Xi W, Stuchly MA, Gandhi OP. Induced electric currents in models of man and rodents from 60 Hz magnetic fields. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 1994; 41: 1018-1023.
39. Dawson T W, Caputa K, Stuchly MA. Influence of human model resolution on computed currents induced in organs by 60 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1997; 18: 478-490.
40. Stuchly MA, Gandhi OP. Inter-laboratory comparison of numerical dosimetry for human exposure to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2000; 21: 167-174.
41. Furse CM, Gandhi OP. Calculation of electric fields and currents induced in a millimeter-resolution human model at 60 Hz using the FDTD method. Bioelectromagnetics 1998; 19: 293-299.
42. Dosimetry of Induced Electric Fields, EMF RAPID Symposium 3, Epidemiological Findings, April 1998 www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/ html/Symposium3/Dosimetry.html