İlişkiye Dayalı ve Finansal Tabloya Dayalı Banka Borç Verme Yöntemlerinin Kobi Kredilerine Etkisi: BEEPS Türkiye Verileri ile Bir İnceleme

Bankalar tarafından uygulanan borç verme yöntemleri, KOBİ'lerin en önemli finansman kaynaklarından biri olan banka kredisine erişimini etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de KOBİ'lerin kredi erişiminde, ilişkiye dayalı ve finansal tabloya dayalı borç vermenin etkisi araştırılmıştır. Firma düzeyindeki BEEPS 2013 yılı yatay kesit verileri aracılığı ile yapılan analizde ilişkiye dayalı kredilendirmeyi firmanın deneyim süresi, finansal tabloya dayalı kredilendirmeyi ise mali tabloların denetimli olması temsil etmektedir. Analiz bulgularına göre deneyimli KOBİ'ler için finansman erişiminin firma faaliyetine engel olma düzeyi daha düşükken, finansal tabloları denetlenen KOBİ'ler, finansman erişimini faaliyetleri için daha önemli bir engel olarak algılamaktadır. Çalışma bulguları, KOBİ'lerin ilişkiye dayalı kredilendirme tekniğinden daha fazla faydalandığı hipotezini desteklemektedir

The Effects of Relationship Lending and Financial Statement Lending Methods on Sme Credits: An Investigation with BEEPS Turkey Data

Lending methods implemented by banks affect access to bank loans which is one of the most important financing source of SMEs. In this study the impact of relationship and financial statement lending on Turkish SMEs credit availability was investigated. Years of firm experience proxy for relationship lending and audited financial statements proxy for financial statement lending in the analysis of firm level cross sectional data of BEEPS 2013. According to the analysis findings, the degree of access to finance to be an obstacle to the operation of the company is lower for the experienced SMEs, while SMEs with audited financial statements perceive access to finance as a more significant barrier to their operations. Results of the study support the hypothesis that SMEs are benefiting more from the relationship lending

___

  • AGARVAL, S. , HAUSWALD, R. (2010). “Distance and private information in lending”, The Review of Financial Studies, 23 (7), 2757-2788.
  • AKGÜÇ, Ö. (2010). Finansal yönetim (8. Basım). Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Avcıol Basın Yayım
  • BAUM, C. F. (2006). An Introduction to modern econometrics using stata. Texas: Stata Press. ISBN-10: 1-59718-0136-0.
  • BECK, T. , DEGRYSE, H., DE HAAS, R., VAN HOREN, N.
  • (2014). “When arm's length is too far. Relationship banking over the business cycle”, BOFIT Discussion Papers. 14, 1- 41.
  • BECK, T. , DEMİRGÜÇ-KUNT, A. (2006). “Small and mediumsize enterprises: Access to finance as a growth constraint”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 30, 2931-2943.
  • BECK, T. , DEMİRGÜÇ-KUNT, A., LAEVEN, L., MAKSİMOVİC, V. (2006). “The determinants of financing obstacles”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 25 (6), 932 - 952.
  • BECK, T. , DEMİRGÜÇ-KUNT, A., MAKSİMOVİC, V. (2005). “Financial and legal constraints to growth: Does firm size matter?”, The Journal of Finance, 60 (1), 137- 177.
  • BECK, T. , DEMİRGÜÇ-KUNT, A., MAKSİMOVİC, V. (2008). Financing patterns around the world: Are small firms different?. Journal of Financial Economics, 89 (3), 467- 487.
  • BECK, T. , DEMİRGÜÇ-KUNT, A., PERİA, M.S.M. (2010). “Foreign banks and small and medium enterprises: Are they really estranged?”, http://www.voxeu.org/article/foreign-banks-andsmall-and-medium-enterprises-are-they-really-estranged? Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2013.
  • BECK T, DEMİRGÜÇ-KUNT A. , PERİA, M. S. M. (2011). “Bank financing for SMEs: Evidence across countries and bank ownership types”, Journal of Financial Services Reserarch, 39, 35-54.
  • BERGER A. N. , COWAN A.M., FRAME W. S. (2011). “The surprising use of credit scoring in small business lending by community banks and the attendant effects on credit availability, risk, and profitability”, Journal of Financial Services Research, 39, 1-17.
  • BERGER, A. N. , FRAME, W. S., MİLLER, N.H. (2005). “Credit scoring and the availability, price, and risk of small business credit”, Journal of Money, Credit , Banking, 37 (2), 191-222.
  • BERGER A.N. , KLAPPER F.L., UDELL, G.F. (2001). “The ability of banks to lend to informationally opaque small business”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 25, 2127- 2167.
  • BERGER, A.N. , UDELL, G.F. (1995). “Relationship lending and lines of credit in small firm finance”, Journal of Business, 68 (3), 351-381.
  • BERGER, A.N. , UDELL, G.F. (2002). “Small business credit availability and relationship lending: The importance of bank organisational structure”, The Economic Journal, 112, 32-53.
  • BERGER, A.N. , UDELL, G.F. (2006). “A more complete conceptual framework for SME finance”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 30, 2945-2966.
  • BERNANKE, B.S. , GELBERT, M. (1995). “Inside the black box: The credit channel of monetary policy transmission”, Journal of Economic Perspective, 94, 27-48.
  • CAN, E. (2014). “KOBİ’lerin finansman desteği açısından kredi ve sermaye piyasalarının bütünleşmesi ve KOBİ menkul kıymetleştirme uygulaması”, Bankacılar Dergisi, 26 (92), s.25- 52.
  • CLARKE, G. R. G, CULL, R., PERİA, M. S. M. (2002). “Does foreign bank penetration reduce access to credit ın developing countries? evidence from asking borrowers”, development research group, The World Bank, February, 1-34.
  • CLARKE, G. , CULL, R. , PERİA, M.S.M. VE SANCHEZ, S. M. (2005). “Bank lending to small business in Latin America: Does bank origin matter?, journal of money, credit and banking, 37 (1). 84-118.
  • CRAİG, S. G. , HARDEE, P. (2007). “The Impact of Bank Consolidation on small business credit availability”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 31, 1237-1263
  • CULL, R. , DAVİS, L. E. , LAMOREAUX, N. R. , ROSENTHAL, J.L. (2006). “Historical financing of small- and medium-size enterprises”, Journal of Banking & Finance. 30 (11), 3017-3042.
  • ÇAKAR, V. (2003). Yabancı sermayeli banka girişleri ve ulusal bankacılık sektörleri üzerindeki etkileri, Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi, TCMB Bankacılık ve Finansal Kuruluşlar Genel Müdürlüğü, Aralık, Ankara.
  • DEĞİRMEN, S. (2011). “The effects of foreign bank participation on the Turkish Banking system and crisis”, American Sociological Association, 172, 515-531.
  • DETRAGİACHE, E, TRESEL,T. , GUPTA P. (2008). “Foreign banks in poor countries : theory and evidence”, Journal of Finance, 63 (5), 2123-2160.
  • DONG, Y. , MEN, C. (2014). “SME financing in emerging markets: Firm characteristics, banking structure and institutions”, Emerging Markets Finance, Trade, 50 (1), 120 -149.
  • ERDOGAN, A.İ. (2015). “Which SMES perceive access to finance as an obstacle to their operations? Evidence from Turkey”, Journal of Economic and Social Development, 2(2), 13-19
  • FELDMAN, R. (1997). “Small business loans, small banks and a big change in technology called credit scoring”, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Region 10453369. Sep 97, 11 (3), 19-25.
  • FRAME, W.S. , PADHİ, M. , WOOSLEY, L. (2001). “The effect of credit scoring on small business lending in low- and moderate-income areas”, Working Paper Series Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Apriş, 2001 (6), 1-26.
  • FRAME, W.S. , PADHİ, M. , WOOSLEY, L. (2004). “Credit scoring and the availability of small business credit lending in lowand moderate-income areas”, Financial Review, 39, 34-54.
  • FRAME, W.S., SRİNİVASAN, A. , WOOSLEY, L. (2001). “The effect of credit scoring on small-business lending”, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 33 (3), 813-825.
  • FRAME, W. S. , WHİTE, L.J. (2004). “Empirical Studies of financial innovation: Lots of talk, little action?”, Journal of Economic Literature, 42 (1), 116-144.
  • GORMLEY, T.A. (2007). The Impact of foreign bank entry in emerging markets: Evidence from India”, J. Finan. Intermediation, 19, 26-51
  • GRUNERT, J. , NORDEN, L. (2011). “Soft information matters in SME lending”, RSM Insight Management Knowledge, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus Universirty. 2nd October, 10-11. http://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/economics/ data/banking-environment-and-performance-survey.html adresinden Şubat 2015 tarihinde erişim sağlanmıştır. GUJARATİ, D. N. (2010). Temel Ekonometri (7. Bs). Ü.
  • Şenesen, G. Günlük Şenesen, çev. (Orijinal Baskı, 1995). İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık ISBN: 978-975-7860-99-0. HAAS, R. , NAABORG,I. (2005). “Does foreign bank entry reduce small firms’access to credit? Evidence from European transition economies”, DE Nederlandsche Bank NV, Working Paper, No:050 / August
  • HOECHLE, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The Stata Journal, 7 (3), 281-312. http://www.stata-journal.com/sjpdf. html?articlenum=st0128 adresinden 29.04.2014 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
  • KARAN, M. B, İPCİ M. Ö, ULUCAN, A., CANER, S. (2009). “Türkiye’de küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmeler ile tüketicilerin kredi risklerinin değerlendirilmesi ve analizi”. TÜBİTAK Destekli Projeler Veri Tabanı. TÜBİTAK SOBAG Proje 106K003. KOSGEB 2006 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu. 2007.
  • LONG, J. S., ERVİN, L. H. (2000). Using heteroscedasticity consistent standard errors in the linear regression model. The American Statistician, 54 (3), 217-224.
  • ONGENA, S. , ŞENDENİZ-YÜNCÜ, İ. (2011). “Which firms engage small, foreign or state banks? And who goes Islamic? Evidence from Turkey”, Journal of Banking & Finance. 35, 3213-3224.
  • ÖZGÜLBAŞ, N. , KOYUNCUGİL, S. , SARIASLAN H. , ERSOY K. (2010). “Küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmeler için finansal erken uyarı sitemi geliştirilmesi”. TÜBİTAK Destekli Projeler Veri Tabanı. TÜBİTAK Proje 107K410.
  • PETERSEN M.A. (2004). “Information: Hard and Soft”, Working Paper, Kellogg School of Management Northwestern University and NBER.
  • PETERSEN M. , RAJAN R.G . (1994). “The benefits of lending relationships: Evidence from small business data”, The Journal of Finance, 49, 3-37.
  • POPOV, A. , UDELL, G.F. (2012). “Cross-border banking, credit access, and the financial crisis”, Journal of International Economics, 87, 147-161.
  • SENGUPTA, R. (2007). “Foreign entry and bank competition”, Journal of Financial Economics, 84, 502-528.
  • SATTA, T.A. (2004). “The influence of foreign bank entry on lending to small firms in Tanzania, Policy Reform”, 7 (3), 165- 173.
  • ŞAHİN, A. , DOĞUKANLI, H. (2014). “Yabancı bankaların KOBİ kredilerine etkileri, Türkiye için bir inceleme”, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar Dergisi, 8 (2), 39-73, ISSN: 1307-5705.
  • TARI, R. (2010). Ekonometri (6. Basım). Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları. ISBN: 978-605-5936-33-4.
  • TATOĞLU, F. Y. (2012). İleri panel veri analizi (1. bs. ). İstanbul: Beta Basım A.Ş. ISBN: 978-605-377-721-2.
  • TATOĞLU, F. Y. (2013). Panel veri ekonometrisi (2. bs. ). İstanbul: Beta Basım A.Ş. ISBN: 978-605-333-003-5.
  • TÜRKİYE EBRD ÖYKÜSÜ (t.y) European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. http://www.ebrd.com/news/publications/brochures/turkey-the-ebrd-story.html adresinden 17 Aralık 2014 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
  • UCHİDA, H. , UDELL, G.F., YAMORİ, N. (2012). “Loan officers and relationship lending to SMEs”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 21, 97-122
  • WHİTE, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48 (4), 817–838.
  • VİCENTE, S. (2011). “Credit scores and relationship lending”, Job Market Paper, http://econ.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/22169/ Vincente_11282011.pdf adresinden 25.12.2014 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
  • WANG, Y. (2016). “What are the biggest obstacles to growth of SMEs in developing countries? An empirical evidence from an enterprise survey”, Borsa İstanbul Review, 16 (3), 167-176.
  • WOOLDRİDGE, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. London: MIT Press.
  • WOOLDRİDGE, J. M. (2013). Ekonometriye giriş 2, Modern yaklaşım, E. Çağlayan çev. ed. (Orijinal Baskı, 2009, 4th ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • YAĞCILAR, G. (2010). “Türk bankacılık sektörünün rekabet yapısının analizi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Isparta.
  • YAYLA, M. , KAYA, Y.T., EKMEN, İ. (2005). “Bankacılık sektörüne yabancı girişi: Küresel gelişmeler ve Türkiye”, Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu Araştırma Dairesi Çalışma Raporları, No: 2005/6, Eylül.
  • https://www.enterprisesurveys.org,
  • https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/portal/
  • http://www.enterprisesurveys.org
  • http://ebrd-beeps.com
  • http://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/economics/data/banking-environment-and-performance-survey.html