Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Yeşil İşlerin Gelişimine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme
Ekolojik sisteme ve çevreye duyarlı işlerde, insan onuruna yakışır standartlarda sunulan işler olarak tanımlanan yeşil işler; çevre, insan, büyümeye dayalı politikalar, yaratılan işlerin hızı ve kalitesi ve işlerin çıktılarının faydaları noktalarında kahverengi işlerden ayrılmaktadır. Yeşil işlere ilişkin eleştiriler yönelten yazarlar olmasına karşın; yeşil işlerde istihdam edilen bireylerin sayısı önemli bir noktaya gelmiştir. Ülkemizde toplam istihdamın %0,30’u (80.827 kişi), AB ülkelerinde %2’si (4.290.000 kişi), ABD’de %2,3’ü (3.401.279) ve OECD ülkelerinde %1,5’i yeşil işlerde çalışanlardan oluşmaktadır. Mevcut araştırma, yeşil işlerin dünyada ve Türkiye’deki gelişim sürecini incelemeyi, yeşil işler ile kahverengi işler arasındaki farkları ortaya koymayı ve yeşil işlerin istihdam üzerindeki etkilerini teorik bir çerçevede ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; yeşil işlerin dünyada ve Türkiye’deki istihdam problemine bir çare mi, yoksa işsizliğe yol açan bir etmen mi olduğu sorusuna net bir cevap vermenin zor olduğu görülmektedir.
An Evaluation Regarding the Development of Green Jobs in the World and in Turkey
Green jobs, defined as eco-friendly and decent jobs, differ from brown jobs in terms of the environment, human, expansionary policies, the rapidity, and quality of jobs and the benefits of the outputs of jobs. Though there are some authors criticizing green jobs, the number of employees working in green jobs has come to a remarkable point. In Turkey, 0,30% (80.827 people), in EU countries 2% (4.290.000 people), in USA 2,3% (3.401.279 people) and in OECD countries 1,5% of the total employment is composed of the employees working in green jobs. The present research aims to examine the development process of green jobs in the world and in Turkey, to reveal the differences between green jobs and brown jobs and to address the impacts of green jobs on employment within a theoretical framework. According to the findings, it is showed that it seems difficult to give a clear answer to the question whether green jobs are a remedy to the problems of employment or a factor that leads to unemployment in the world and in Turkey
___
- ALVAREZ, Gabriel Calzada, JARA, Raquel Merino and JULIAN,
Juan Ramón Rallo; (2009), Study of the Effects on Employment
of Public Aid to Renewable Energy Sources, Universidad
Rey Juan Carlos.
- APOLLO ALLIANCE; (2008), Green-Collar Jobs in America’s
Cities: Building Pathways Out of Poverty and Careers in the
Clean Energy Economy, Apollo Allinace, Green for All Publishing,
USA.
- ARIAS, Charles; (2009), “Going Green to Make Green”, Sustainability,
2(3), pp. 152-156.
- ARLI YILMAZ, Selen; (2014), Yeşil İşler ve Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir
Enerji Alanındaki Potansiyeli, Kalkınma Bakanlığı
Uzmanlık Tezi, Kalkınma Bakanlığı Yayını No: 2887, Ankara.
- AROUN, Woodrajh; (2012), “Climate Jobs and Manufacturing
in South Africa”, International Journal of Labour Research: Are
“Green” Jobs Decent?, 4(2), pp. 231-248.
- ATLAMA, Sevilay ve ÖZSOY, Ceyda; (2011), “The Possible Effects
of Green Economy on Employment”, EconAnadolu 2011:
Anadolu International Conference in Economics II June 15-17,
2011, Eskişehir, Turkey.
- BAŞ, Mehmet; (2013), “Yeşil Büyüme ve Türkiye”, İşveren,
51(3), ss. 84-86.
- BAŞOL, Oğuz; (2015), Yeşil ve Kahverengi İşlerin İş Doyumu
Açısından Karşılaştırılması Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması,
Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler
Enstitüsü, Bursa.
- BAYKAN, Barış Gencer; (2009), “Dünyada ve Türkiye’de
Yeşil Yakalılar”, BETAM Araştırma Notu, No: 37.
- BAYKAN, Barış Gencer; (2010), “Kamuda Yeşil Yakalılar”, BETAM
Araştırma Notu, No: 67.
- BOREL-SALADIN, Jacqueline Madeleine ve TUROK, Ivan
Nicholas; (2013), “The Green Economy: Incremental Change
or Transformation?”, Environmental Policy and Governance,
23, 209-220.
- BOWEN, Alex and KURALBAYEVA, Karlygash; (2015), Looking
for Green Jobs: The Impact of Green Growth on Employment,
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the
Environment and Global Green Growth Institute.
- BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS; (2013), Employment in
Green Goods and Service Report, USDL-13-0476.
- CHAN, Chris King-chi and LAM, Maggie Ching; (2012), “The
Reality and Challenges of Green Jobs in China: An Exploration”,
International Journal of Labour Research: Are “Green”
Jobs Decent?, 4(2), pp. 189-207.
- CHANG, Young-Bae, HAN, Jae-Kak and KIM, Hyun-Woo;
(2012), “Green Growth and Green New Deal policies in the
Republic of Korea: Are They Creating Decent Green Jobs?”,
International Journal of Labour Research: Are “Green” Jobs
Decent?, 4(2), pp. 150-171.
- CLAYTON, Richard; (2013), United States Bureau of Labor
Statistics: Green Jobs Initiative, Department of Labor, USA.
- COOK, Sarah, SMITH, Kiah and UTTING, Peter; (2012),
Green Economy or Green Society? Contestation and Policies
for a Fair Transition, United Nations Research Institute for Social
Development, Geneva, Switzerland.
- DEVLET PLANLAMA TEŞKİLATI; (1995), Yedinci Beş Yıllık
Kalkınma Planı 1996-2000, DPT Yayınları, Ankara.
- DEVLET PLANLAMA TEŞKİLATI; (2000), Uzun Vadeli Strateji
ve Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı 2001-2005, DPT
Yayınları, Ankara.
- ECORYS; (2012), The Number of Jobs Dependent on the Environment
and Resource Efficiency Improvment, ECORYS Publications,
Rotterdam, Netherlands.
- EFENDİOĞLU, Ümit Deniz; (2013a), “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma
Yolunda Yeşil İşler”, Kariyer Gündemi, 3, ss. 9-11.
- EFENDİOĞLU, Ümit Deniz; (2013b), “Yeşil Ekonomide İnsana
Yakışır İşler Projesi”, İşveren, 51(3), ss. 82-83.
- ERCOŞKUN, Özge Yalçıner; (2010), “Yeşil Yakalı Kavramı ve
Türkiye’deki Yeşil Yakalılar”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 19(3),
ss. 25-48.
- EUROSTAT; (2015), http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/statistics-illustrated
(Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2014).
- EUROSTAT; (2017), http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Environmental_economy_-_employment_
and_growth (Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2017).
- FURCHTGOTT-ROTH, Diana; (2012), “The Elusive and Expensive
Green Job”, Energy Economics, 34, pp. 43-52.
- GREEN SKILLS NETWORK; (2012), Emerging Green Jobs in
Canada: Insights for Employment Counsellors into the Changing
Labour Market and its Potential for Entry-Level Employment,
First 1 Work Publications, Toronto, Canada.
- HOUSE OF COMMONS ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT COMMITTEE;
(2009), Green Jobs and Skills: Second Report of Session
2008–09, The Stationery Office Limited, London.
- ILO; (2011), Building a Sustainable Future with Decent Work
in Asia and the Pacific, ILO Publications, Geneva, Switzerland.
- ILO; (2012a), The Green Jobs Programme of the ILO, ILO Publications,
Geneva, Switzerland.
- ILO; (2012b), Working towards Sustainable Development: Opportunities
for Decent Work and Social Inclusion in a Green
Economy, ILO Publications, Geneva, Switzerland.
- ILO; (2014), Green Jobs Mapping Study in Malaysia: An Overview
Based on Initial Desk Research, ILO Publications, Geneva,
Switzerland.
- ILO; (2017), http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/areasof-work/lang--en/index.htm
(Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2017).
- INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY; (2014),
Renewable Energy and Jobs: Annual Review 2014, International
Renewable Energy Agency Publications, United Arab
Emirates.
- JACOB, Klaus, QUITZOW, Rainer and BÄR, Holger; (2015),
Green Jobs: Impacts of a Green Economy on Employment,
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
(BMZ), Frankfurt-Germany.
- KIROV, Vassil and BERGE, Jerry van den; (2012), “Green and
Decent?: Working Conditions in the Waste Sector in Europe
and Implications for Trade Union Policy”, International Journal
of Labour Research: Are “Green” Jobs Decent?, 4(2), pp. 173-
188.
- LEHR, Ulrike, NITSCH, Joachim, KRATZAT, Marlene, LUTZ,
Christian and EDLER Dietmar; (2008), “Renewable Energy
and Employment in Germany”, Energy Policy, 36, pp. 108-117.
- LESSER, Jonathan; (2010), “Renewable Energy and the Fallacy
of ‘Green’ Jobs”, The Electricity Journal, 23(7), pp. 45-53.
- MORRISS, Andrew, BOGART, William, DORCHAK, Andrew
and MEINERS, Roger; (2009), Seven (7) Myths About Green
Jobs, Case Legal Studies Research Paper No. 09-14.
- MURO, Mark, ROTHWELL, Jonathan and SAHA, Devashree;
(2011), Sizing the Clean Economy: A National and Regional
Green Jobs Assessment, Philadelphia Water Department, The
Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
- NTAR; (2008), Green Jobs: A Resource Guide for Individuals
with Disabilities, NTAR Publications, USA.
- OECD; (2012), Green Growth and Developing Countries: A
Summary for Policy Makers, OECD Publications, Paris, France.
- OECD; (2017), Energy, Transport and Environment Indicators.
Eurostat Publications, Luxemburg.
- OLSEN, Lene; (2012), “What Policies for a Green Economy
That Works for Social Progress?”, International Journal of Labour
Research: Are “Green” Jobs Decent?, 4(2), pp. 135-149.
- ÖZSOY, Ceyda; (2011), “Yeşil Ekonominin Dinamikler: Yeşil
İşler ve Beceriler”, Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 562,
ss. 19-32.
- ÖZSOY, Ceyda; (2013), “Yeşil Yakalı Çalışanlar: Türkiye Potansiyel
Yeşil İşlere Hazır mı?”, Kariyer Gündemi, 3, ss. 20-23.
- PESTEL, Nico; (2014), Employment Effects of Green Energy
Policies, IZA World of Labor, Report No: 2014/76.
- PETERS, David, EATHINGTON, Liesl and SWENSON, David;
(2011), An Exploration of Green Job Policies, Theoretical
Underpinnings, Measurement Approaches, and Job Growth
Expectations, Industrial Research and Services at Iowa State
University, USA.
- POLLIN, Robert, GARRETT-PELTIER, James Heintz and
SCHARBER, Helen; (2008), Green Recovery: A Program to
Create Good Jobs and Start Building a Low-Carbon Economy,
American Progress Publications, USA.
- RAYMOND, Nancy Falxa, SVENDSEN, Erika and CAMPBELL,
Lindsay K.; (2013), “From Job Training to Green Jobs: A Case
Study of a Young Adult Employment Program Centered on Environmental
Restoration in New York City, USA”, Urban Forestry
& Urban Greening, 12, pp. 287-295.
- RESMİ GAZETE; (2006), Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı (2007-
2013), Resmi Gazete, 1 Temmuz 2006, Sayı: 26215.
- RUSTICO, Lisa and SPEROTTI, Francesca; (2012), “Working
Conditions in “Green Jobs”: Women in the Renewable Energy
Sector”, International Journal of Labour Research: Are “Green”
Jobs Decent?, 4(2), pp. 209-229.
- RUTOVITZ, Jay and ATHERTON, Alison; (2009), Energy Sector
Jobs to 2030: A Global Analysis, Greenpeace International.
- STIGLITZ, Joseph E.; (2002), “Employment, Social Justice and
Societal Well-Being”, International Labour Review, 141(1-2),
pp. 9-29.
- T.C. KALKINMA BAKANLIĞI; (2013), Onuncu Kalkınma Planı:
2014-2018, Kalkınma Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
- TURAN, Feryal; (2014), “Çevre Dostu Şirketler: Yeşil Göz
Boyama Mı Çevresel Üretim Mi?”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyolojik
Araştırmalar E-Dergisi, 17(Ağustos).
- TÜİK; (2005), “Kamu Kuruluşlarında Çevresel İstihdam ve Harcamalar,
2003-2004”, TÜİK Haber Bülteni, No: 33.
- TÜİK; (2006), “Kamu Sektöründe Çevresel İstihdam ve Harcamalar
2005”, TÜİK Haber Bülteni, No: 174.
- TÜİK; (2008), “Kamu Kuruluşlarında Sektöründe Çevresel
İstihdam ve Harcamalar 2006”, TÜİK Haber Bülteni, No: 55.
- TÜİK; (2013), İstatistiklerle Türkiye, TÜİK Yayınları, Yayın No:
4169, Ankara.
- TÜİK; (2014), “Çevresel İstihdam, Gelir ve Harcama İstatistikleri
2012”, TÜİK Haber Bülteni, No: 16178.
- TÜİK; (2015), “Çevresel İstihdam, Gelir ve Harcama İstatistikleri
2013”, TÜİK Haber Bülteni, No: 18863.
- TÜİK; (2016), “Çevresel İstihdam, Gelir ve Harcama İstatistikleri
2015”, TÜİK Haber Bülteni, No: 21583.
- UNEP; (2008b), Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in Sustain
-able, Low-Carbon World, Publishing Services Section, Nairobi,
Kenya.
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR; (2013), The
BLS Green Jobs Definition, http://www.bls.gov/green/green_
definition.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2014).
- VONA, Francesco, MARIN, Giovanni and CONSOLI, Davide;
(2016), Measures, Drivers and Effect of Green Employment:
Evidence from US Local Labor Markets, 2006-2014, Fondazi
-one Eni Enrico Mattei Working Paper, Paper No: 48/2016.
- WHITE, Sarah and WALSH, Jason; (2008), Greener Pathways:
Jobs and Workforce Development in the Clean Economy, Mad
-ison, WI: Center on Wisconsin Strategy, The Workforce Alli
-ance and the Apollo Alliance.
- WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION; (2013), The
Global Climate: 2001-2010 A Decade of Climate Extremes,
Report. No: 1119, Geneva, Switzerland.