Sezai KAYA, Yusuf ŞANLI, Ender YARSAN, Aysel ÖZSOY, Rauf AKKAYA, Ali BİLGİLİ

Çok Yönlü Hayvan Yetiştiriciliğinde Karma Yem ve Yem Hammaddelerinden Kaynaklanan Olumsuzluk Faktörlerinin Araştırılması 1.Türkiye'de Üretilen veya İthal Edilen Yem ve Yem Hammaddelerinin Mikotoksinlerle Kirlenme Durumunun Araştırılması

Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de üretilen veya ithal edilen öneınli bazı yem hammaddeleri ve karma yemlerde mikatoksin kalıntılarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için, Nisan 1993- Nisan 1995 dönemi arasındaki Türkiye'nin 7 bölgesinde faaliyette bulunan 48 yem fabrikasından düzenli aralıklarla 1200 yem ve yem hammaddeleri örneği sağlanmıştır. Bu maddeler İTK yöntemle aflakotsin, okratoksin A, sterigmatosistin, patulin, diasetoksiskirpenol_, zearalenon, sitrinin kalıntıları bakımından analiz edilmişlerdir. Örneklerden %1.08 'inin mikatoksin kalıntısı içerdiği belirlenmiştir. Bunlardan %0.41 'inin AFB1 %0.08 'inin AFB2 ,%0. 16 'sınınAFGP %58' inin okratoksin A, %0.08 'inin zearelenon ve %0.08 ' inindiasetoksiskirpenol içerdiği hesaplanmıştır. Yan ince yem hammaddelerin çeşidine göre mikotoksinlerle kirlenme sıklığının mısır örneklerinde %1.8, ayçiçeği küspesinde %2.56, damızlık tavuk yeminde %1.2, yumurtacı tavuk yeminde %2.85, etlik piliç yeminde %1.29, besi yeminde %4.7, süt hayvanı yeminde %2olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kirlenme durumunun yıllara göre değişimi dikkatealındığında, kirlenme sıklığının 1993, 1994 ve 1995 yıllarında sırasıyla %2.27,0.43 ve 0.00 olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Kirlenme durumunun yıllar itibariyle mevsimlere göre sıklığının kış 1993 'de %2.7 ve ilk bahar 1994 'de %1.1 olduğu hesaplandı; diğer mevsimlerde elde edilen örneklerde mikatoksin kalıntısı . bulunamamıştır. Mikotoksinlerle kirlenme sıklığının bölgelere göre dağılımının Ege bölgesinde %1.42, İç Anadolu'da %1.2 ve Güneydoğu Anadolu'da %2.52 olduğu ve diğer bölgelerden sağlanan örneklerin mikatoksin kalıntısı içermediği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma bulgularının analiz edilen yem ve yem hammaddelerindeki mikatoksin kirliliğinin çeşit, sıklık ve düzey olarak çok düşük olduğunu , insan ve hayvan sağlığı için herhangi bir olumsuzluğa yol açacak boyutta olmadağını gösterdiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hayvan, Yetiştirici, Yem, Karma Yem, Yem Hammaddeleri, Mikotoksinler, Sezai KAYA, Yusuf ŞANLI, Ender YARSAN, Aysel ÖZSOY, Rauf AKKAYA, Ali BİLGİLİ, 1996, Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi

Investigation Of Unfavourable Factors Occuring In Feedstuffs and Mixed Feeds In Multipurpose Animal Rearing; 1. Investigaton Of Contamination Status With Mycotoxins In Feedstuffs and Mixed Feeds Produced Or Importet In Turkey

This study was conducted to determine the levels of mycotoxin residues in important feeds and feedstuffs, imported or produced in Turkey. 1200 feeds and feedstuffs samples were obtained regulary from 48 factory working in 7 region of Turkey, between April ı993-April 1995. The samples were analyzed by TLC method, to find out the aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, sterigmatosistin, patulin, diacetoxyscirpenol, zearenalone and citrinin residues. Of 1200 feeds and feedstuffs, 1.08 percent ofthe samples were contained mycotoxin residues. The disribution ofmycotoxins were as follows; 0.4ı percent AFBI' 0,08 percent AFGB2 , 0,16 percent AFGI' 0,58 ochratoxin A, 0,08 percent zearelone and 0.08 percent diacetoxiskirpenol. Contamination ineidence of mycotoxin residues in feeds and feedstuffs sorts were as follows; com samples 1.8 percent, broiler breeding feeds 1.2 percent, sunflower bagasse 2.56 percent, laying hen feed 2.85 percent, fattened broiler feed 1.29 percent, fattening feed 4.7 percent, milk producing feed 2 percent According to the results ofinduvidual analysis, it was determined that the levels ofmycotoxin residues as follows: AFB1 8-320 ppm, AFB2 240 ppm, AFG14-10 ppm, OA 80-7000 ppm and sterigmatosistin ıooo ppm. The variation of the pollution ineidence by years calculated as follows; in 1993, 2.27 percent in 1994, 0.43 percent in 1995, 0.00 percent The seasonal variation of the pollution by years was calculated as follows; winter 1993, 2. 7 percent, sp ring 1994, 1.1 percent, and the samples provided in the other seasons were not contained mycotoxin residues. The distribution of the mycotoxin residues by regions were as follows; Aegean Region, 1.42 percent, Interior Anatolia, 1.2 percent, South-Eastem Anatolia 2.52 percent, and other regions were not containing mycotox.in residues. The mycotoxin pollution in the analyzed feeds and feedstuffs were very low as variety, ineidence and !eve!, and it was resulted that the !eve! of the mycotox.in residues were not able to influence the human and animal health.

PDF

___

ADAMS, C.A. (1985) . Moulds and mycotoxins. The feed compounder, 5:24-27.
ARAFA, A.S., HARMS, R.S., MILES., R.D. AND BLOOMER, R.T. (1979). Review ofaflatoxicosis in animal products. Feedstuffs, 51:36-52.
BETINA, V. (1989). Mycotoxins:chemical, biological and environrnental aspects. Elsevier. Amsterdam.
BROWN, F.J. (1977). Regulatory considerations of aflatoxins in regard to animal feed safety. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the U. S. Animal Health Ass'n. 81:211-214.
BROWN, M.H., SZEZEEN, G.M. AND PURMALIS, B.P. (1976). Teratogenic and toxic effects of ochratoxin A in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 37:331-339.
CAMPBELL, T.C. AND STOLOFF, L. (1974). Implications of mycotoxins for human health. J.Agric. Food Chem. 22:1006-1014.
CHU, Q., COOK, M.E., WU,W. AND SMALLEY, E.B.(l988) . Immune and bone properties of chicks consuming com contaminated with a fusarium that induces dyschondroplasia. Avian Diseases, 32:132-136.
S.DWİVEDİ, P. AND BURNS, R.B. (1986). The natural occurances of ochratoxin A and its effects in poultry. A review. Part I.epidemiology and toxicity. World's Poultry Sci. J. 42:32-47.
EDDE, G.T., MEYERHOLZ, G.W. AND ABBİTT, B. (1978) . Aflatoxins and other mold toxins in Iivestock and poultry feed. In Proceedings Eighty-Second Annual Meeting the US Animal Health Ass's, Buffalo, NY Oct 29-31 , Nov 1-3, 1978. Richmond. Virginia 23 228, USA. US Annual Health Association, 22 1-224.
EPSTEIN, S.M., BARTUS, B. AND. FARBER, E. (1969). Renal epithe1ial neoplasm indeced in male Winstar rats by oral aflatosin Bı . Can. Res. 29:1045-1050.
EXARCHÖS, C.C. AND GENTRY, R.F. (1981). Effects of aflatoxin Bı on egg production. Avian Diseases, 26: 191-195.
GHOCH, R.C., CHAUHAN, H.V.S. AND JHA, G.J. (1991). Suppression of cell-mediated immunity by purifıed aflatoxin Bı in broiler chicks . Vet. Inunun. Inumınopathol. 28: I 65-I 72.
GOLINSK, P. AND GRABARKIEWICZ-SZCZESNA, J. (1984). Chemical confirmatory tests for ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicilic acid, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone performed directly on thin layer chromatographic plates . Journal of the AOAC, 67:11 08-1110
HAMILTON, P.M. (1976). Effects of aflatoxin on animals and the interrelationship with nutrition. Feedstuffs, 48:22-23 .
HATCH, R.C. Poisons causing abdominal distres or liver or kidney damage. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (Booth, H.H. and McDonald, L.E.Eds.). 6th Ed. lowa State Univ Press. Ames. pp. 114-119.
HOWARTH, H. AND WYATT, R.O. ( 1976). Effects of dietary aflatoxin on fertility, hatchability and progeny performan ce of broiler beeder hens. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 31 :680-684.
HUFF, W.E., HARVEY, R.B. AND KUBENA, L.F. (1988). Toxic synergism between aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in broiler chickens Poult.Sci., 672: 1418-1423 .
JACOBSON, W.C. AND WİSEMAN, H.C. (1974) . The transmission of aflatoxin B1 into eggs. Poult. Sci. 53: 1743-1745.
JOSEFSSON, B.G.E. AND MOLLER, T.E. (1977). Screening method for the detection of aflatoxins, ochratoxin, patulin, sterigmatosistin and zearalenone in cereals. Journal of the AOAC, 60:1369-1371.
KAYA, S. ( 1982). Süt yemi ve çiğ sütte aflatoksin kalıntılarının kromatografık yöntem ile araştırılması. A.Ü.Vet.Fak.Derg. 29:443-457.
KAYA, S. (I989). Yem ve yem hanuımddelerindeki mikotoksinler: İnsan ve hayvan sağlığı için önemleri. A.Ü.Vet.Fak.Derg. 36:226-253 .
KAYA, S., ŞANLI, Y. VE ÖZKAZANÇ, A.N. (1985) . Küfleıunekten şüpheli yem ve yem hammaddelerinde aflatoksinler. A.Ü. Vet.Fak.Derg. 32:1- 12.
KAYA, S., ŞANLI, Y. VE ÖZKAZANÇ, A.N. (1995) Yem ve yem hammaddelerinde küflenmenin önlemnesi ve mikotoksinlerle kirletilmiş bu tür yemierin değerlendirilmesine yönelik uygulamalar. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 42(2) : (basımda) .
KAYA, S. VE YAVUZ, H. (1993) . Yem ve yem hanunaddelerinde bulunan olumsuzluk faktörleri ve hayvaniara yönelik etkileri: 1. Organik nitelikli olumsuzluk faktörleri. A.Ü.Vet.Fak.Derg. 40:586-614. 25. KAYA, S., YAVUZ, H. VE AKAR, F. (1990). Bazı yağlı tohum küspelerind~ mikatoksin kalıntıları. A. Ü.Vet.Fak.Derg. 37:173-180.
KELLEY, V.C AND MORE, E.C. (1976). Ultrastnıctural changes induced by chronic aflatoxicosis in chicken. Poult. Sci. 55:317-324.
KEYL, A.C. (1978). Mycotoxins in cattle. In mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis. (T.D.Wyllie and L.G. Morehous, Eds.). Vol 2. N e w York. USA, Mercel Dekker, 171-1 7 4.
LILLEHOJ, E.B.(l973). Feed soutges and conditions conducive production ofaflatoxins, ochratoxins, fusarium toxin and zearalenon. AVMA, 163: 1281-1284.
LYNCH, G.P. (1972). Mycotoxins in feedstuffs and their effects on dairy calves. J.Dairy Sci. 55: 1243-1255.
MARKS, H.L. AND BACAN, C.W. (1976). Influence offusariuminjected com and T -2 toxin on laying hens. Po u lt Sci. 55 :1864-1870
MARQUARDT, R.R. AND FROHLİCH, A.A. (1992). A review ofrecent advances in understanding ochratoxicosis. J.Anim.Sci., 70:3968-3988 .
MAYURA, K., PARKER, R, BERNDT, W.O. AND PHILIPS, T.D. (1984). Ochratoxin A-induced teratagenesis in rats :Partial protection by phenylalanine. Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 48 :1186-1188.
MERONUCK, R.A., (1992). Mycotoxins in feed. Feedstuffs, 64:148- 151.
MOHIUDDIN, S.M., REDDY, M, V., REDDY, M.M. AND RAMAKRISHNA, K. ( 1986). Studies on phagocytic activity and haematological changes in aflatoxicosis in poultry. Indi an Vet.J. 63 :442-445.
NEWBERNE, P.M. (1974). The new world mycotoxins-animal and human health. Clinical Toxicol. 7:161-177.
OSUNA, O. AND EDDS, G. T. (1982). Toxicology of aflatoxin Bl' warfarin and cadmium in young pig:performance and hematology. Am.Vet.Med.Ass. 43 :1380-1386.
ÖZKAZANÇ, A.N., RUSSEL-SiN, H., ŞANLI, Y. VE KAYA, S. ( 1992). Türkiye'nin değişik bölgelerinde üretilen karına yem ve yem hammaddelerinin mikotoksinlerle kirleım1e durumunun incelenmesi. A.Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg. 39:268-290.
PATTERSON, D.S.P AND ROBERTS B.A. (1979). Mycotoxins in animal İeedstuffs: Sensitive thin la yer chromatographic detection of aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, steıigmatocystin, zearalenone and T -2 toxin. Joumal of the AOAC
PIER, A.C. (ı992). Major biological consequences ofaflatoxicosis in animal production. J.Anim.Sci., 70:3964-3967.
PRICE, W.D., D., LOVELL, R.A. AND MC CHESNEY, G. (1993). Naturally occurring toxins in feedstuffs: Center for veterinary medicine perspective. J.Anim. Sci., 7ı : 2556-2562 .
REDDY, C. V. (1992). Aflatoxins in feeds:An enemy to poultry procedures in the tropics. Misset World Poultry, 8: 19-20.
ROBERTS, B.A. AND PATTERSON, D.S.P. (1975) . Detection of twelve mycotoxins in mixed animal feedstuffs, using a novel membrane cleanup procedure. Journal of the AOAC, 58:1178-1181.
SCOOT, P.M. (1978). Mycotoxins in feeds and ingredients and their origin. Journal ofthe Fd Protec. 41: 385-398 .
SHREEVE, B.J., PATTERSON, D.S.P. AND ROBERTS, B.A. (1979). The carry over of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and zearalenon from naturally contaminated feeds to tissue, urine and mi lk of dairy cows. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 17:151-152.
SHOTWELL, O.L, _HESSELTINE, C.W. (1983). Five-year study ofmycotoxins in Virginia wheat and dent com. Journal of the AOAC, 66: 1466- 1469.
ŞANLI, Y., CEYLAN, S. VE KAYA, S. (1982). Tavuk yemlerinde ve yem hammaddelerinde aflatoksinler. A.Ü.Vet. Fak. Derg. 29:473-492 .
ŞANLI, Y., CEYLAN, S. VE KAYA, S. (1982) . Karma yemlerde aflatoksin analizi. A.Ü. Vet.Fak. Derg. 29:50-70.
Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı tebliği . Tebliğ No: 90/1. 2.5.1990 tarih ve 20506 sayılı RG:
Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı tebliği . Tebliğ No: 91/14. 20 .9.1991 tarih ve 20997 sayılı RG.
TRUCKSESS, M.W. (1976). Derivatization procedure for identifıcation ofaflatoxin M1 ona thin layer chromatogram. Journal ofthe AOAC, 59: 722-723 .
VAN EGMOND, H.P. (1989) . Current situation on regulations for mycotoxins. Overview of tolerances and status of standard ·methods of sampling and analysis. Food Addit. Contam. 6:139-188.
VESELA, D., VESELY, D. AND JELINEK, R. (1983). Toxic effects of ochratoxin A and citrinin, alone and in combination, on ebieken embryos. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 45 :91-93 .
WHO. (1980). Environmental health criteria ll.Mycotoxins. Geneva. World Health Organization.
WIGER, R. AND STORMER, F.C. (1990). Effects of ochratoxin A and B on prechondrogenic mesenchymal cells from chick embryo limb buds. Toxicology Letters, 54:129-134.
WILSON, B.J. (1978). Hazards ofmycotoxins in public health. Journal ofFood Protec. 41:375-384.
WOGAN, G.N. (1968). Aflatoxin risks and control measures. Feed. Proceedings, 27:932-937.
WOGAN, G.N., PAGLIALUNGA, S. AND NEWBERNE, P.M. (1974). Carcinogenic effects of low dietary levels of aflatoxin B1 in rat. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 12:681-685 .
WOOD, G.E. (1992). Mycotoxins in foods and feeds in the United States. J.Anim.Sci., 70:3941-3949.