Gülşen GONCAGÜL, Axel WEHREND, Kamil SEYREK İNTAŞ, Rainer HOSPES, Reinhard WEİSS, Ellen PRENGER BERNİNGHOFF

Almanya’da fertilite problemli ineklerde endometriyal svabların bakteriyolojik bulguları ve antibiyotik dirençliliği

İnfertilite sığır yetiştiriciliğinde en büyük ekonomik kayıplara yol açan ilk iki problemden biridir. İneklerde infertilitenin önde gelen sebeplerden birisi endometritistir. Endometritislerin büyük bir bölümünü bakteriyel enfeksiyon etkenleri oluşturur. Bu çalışmada repeat breeder ineklerden toplanan 142 adet endometriyal svab mikrobiyal ve antibiyotik duyarlılığı yönünden değerlendirildi. Yüz kırk (%98,5) numune bakteriyolojik yönden pozitif bulundu. Bunların %22,1’i Escherichia coli, %15,3’ü α-hemolitik Streptococci, %14.3’ü γ-hemolitik Streptococci, %12.1’i Trueperella (Eskiden Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, %4,2’si Streptococcus uberis, %3,6’ü Staphylococcus aureus, %0.7’si Staphylococcus haemolyticus, %0.7’si ß-hemolitik Streptococci, geri kalan %27,0’ı ise 16 farklı bakteri izolasyonlarıdır. İneklerde fertiliteyi en sık etkileyen bakteriler olarak Trueperella. pyogenes, E.coli, ß- hemolitik Streptococci, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus ve Staphylococcus haemolyticus etkenlerine karşı antibiyogram testi uygulandı. Pozitif numunelerde üreyen bakterilerde, penisilin, tulatromisin, tetrasiklin, eritromisin, florfenikol, seftiofur, amoksisilin, amoksisilin/ klavulanik asit, enrofloksasin, gentamisin, sefkuinom, kolistin, marbofloksasin, sulfametoksazol/trimetoprim olmak üzere 14 antibiyotiğe karşı duyarlılığı test edilmiştir. Trueperella pyogenes, Escherichia coli, β-hemolitik Streptococci, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus heamolyticus’a florfenikol ve seftiofur’un %100 etki ettiği saptanırken, Escherichia coli hariç diğerlerinin kolistin’e %100 dirençli olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, infertil ineklerde endometriyum svablarında yüksek oranda bakteriyel etkenlerin üretilmiş olması nedeniyle infertilite ile mücadelede ilk sıranın bakteri kaynaklı endometriyal enfeksiyonlara karşı verilmesi gerektiği kanaatine varılmıştır. Florfenikol ve seftiofur’un uterus enfeksiyonlarının sağaltımında en geniş spektruma sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Bacteriological findings and antibiotic resistance in endometrial swabs of cows with fertility problems in Germany

Infertility is one of the most important problems causing great economical losses in cattle production. The most important reason for infertility in cows is endometritis. Endometritis is mainly caused by bacterial infections. Bacteria in uterine samples obtained from 142 repeat breeder cows were cultured and investigated for their antimicrobial susceptibility. One hundred forty samples (98.5%) were bacteriologically positive. Out of these 22.1% were Escherichia coli, 15.3% a-hemolytic Streptococci, 14.3% g-hemolytic Streptococci, 12.1% Trueperella (formerly Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, 4.2% Streptococcus uberis, 3.6% Staphylococcus aureus, 0.7% Staphylococcus haemolyticus and β-hemolytic Streptococci each, and the remaining 27% were 16 different bacterial isolates. Trueperella pyogenes, E.coli, β-hemolytic Streptococci, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were considered to be the most frequently encountered bacteria causing infertility. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed in these bacteria against 14 antibiotics (Penicillin, tulathromycine, tetracycline, erythromycin, florfenicol, ceftiofur, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, gentamycine, cefquinom, colistin, marbofloxacine, sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim). Trueperella pyogenes, Escherichia coli, β-hemolytic Streptococci, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus were 100% susceptible to florfenicol and ceftiofur. All other bacteria except for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were 100% resistant against colistin. As a conclusion, the presence of such a high occurrence of bacteria in uterine samples of infertile cows shows that bacterial infections have to be given priority in the struggle against infertility. Florfenicol and ceftiofur are found to be drugs with the widest spectrum in the treatment of uterine infections.

PDF

___

1. Amiridis GS, Fthenakis GC, Dafopoulos J, Papanikolaou T, Mavrogianni VS, (2003). Use of cefquinome for prevention and treatment of bovine endometritis. J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 26, 387-390.
2. Arora N, (2007). Role of uropathogenic virulence factors in the pathogenesis of E.coli-induced cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra complex in the bitch. PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, Australia.
3. Azawi OI, (2008). Postpartum uterine infection in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 105, 187-208.
4. Chapwanya A, (2008). Uterine disease in dairy cows: Classification, diagnosis and key roles for veterinarians. Irish Vet J. 61 ( 3), 183-186.
5. Chen YM, Wright PJ, Lee CS, Browning GF, (2003). Uropathogenic virulence factors in isolates of Escherichia coli from clinical cases of canine pyometra and feces of healthy bitches. Vet Microbiol. 94, 57-69.
6. Dohmen MJW, Joop K, Sturk A, Bols PEJ, Lohuis JACM, (2000). Relationship between intra-uterine bacterial contamination, endotoxin levels and the development of endometritis in postpartum cows with dystocia or retained placenta. Theriogenology. 54, 1019-1032.
7. Drillich M, Beetz O, Pfutzner A, Sabin M, Sabin HJ, Kutzner P, Nattermann H, Heuwieser W, (2001). Evaluation of systemic antibiotic treatment of toxic puerperal metritis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 84, 2010-2017.
8. Esslemont RJ, Peeler EJ, (1993). The scope for raising margins in dairy herds by improving fertility and health. Brit Vet J. 149, 537-547.
9. Foldi J, Kulcsar M, Pecsi A, Huyghe B, Sa de C, Lohuis J A, Cox P, Huszenicza GY, (2006). Bacterial complications of postpartum uterine involution in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 96, 265-281.
10. Gautam G, Nakao T, Yusuf M, Koike K, (2009). Prevalence of endometritis during the post-partum period and its impact on subsequent reproductiveperformance in two Japanese dairy herds. Anim Reprod Sci. 116 (3-4),175- 187.11.
11. Gilbert RO, Shin ST, Guard CL, Erb HN, Frajblat M, (2005). Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology. 64, 1879-1888.
12. Goncagul G, Seyrek-Intas K, Kumru IH, Ozakin C, Weiss R, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Baljer G, (2011). Bacterial infertility and ascending uterine infections with respect to pneumovagina and urovagina in cows. Veterinary Days of Uludag University - Bursa and Justus Liebig University - Giessen; July, 14-16, Giessen-Germany.
13. Huszenicza G, Fodor M, Gacs M, Kulcsar M, Dohmen MJW, Vamos M, Porkolab L, Kegl T, Bartyik J, (1999). Uterine bacteriology, resumption of cyclic ovarian activity and fertility in postpartum cows kept in large-scale dairy herds. Reprod Dom Anim. 34, 237-245.
14. Königsson K, Gustafsson H, Gunnarsson A, Kindahl H, (2001).Clinical and bacteriological aspects on the use of oxytetracycline and flunixin in primiparous cows with induced retained placenta and post-partal endometritis. Reprod Dom Anim. 36, 247-256.
15. LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Bateman KG, Keefe GP, Walton S, Johnson WH , (2002). Defining and diagnosing posipartum clinical cndumetritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 2223-2236.
16. Malinowski E, Lassa H, Markiewicz H, Kaptur M, Nadolny M, Niewitecki W, Zietara J, (2011). Sensitivity to antibiotics of Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli from the uteri of cows with metritis/endometritis. Vet J. 187 (2), 234-238.
17. Melendez P, McHale J, Bartolome J, Archbald LF, Donovan GA, (2004). Uterine involution and fertility of holstein cows subsequent to early postpartum PGF2alpha treatment for acute puerperal metritis. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (10), 3238-3246.
18. NCCLS (2005). Performance Standarts for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, approved Standard M100-S15. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
19. Petit T, Spergser J, Rosengarten R, Aurich J, (2009). Prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria as genital pathogens in dairy cattle. Reprod Dom Anim. 44, 88-91.
20. Santos TMA, Caixeta LS, Machado VS, Rauf AK, Gilbert RO, Bicalho RC, (2010). Antimicrobial resistance and presence of virulence factor genes in Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from the uterus of postpartum dairy cows. Vet Microbiol. 145, 84-89.
21. Sheldon IM, Dobson H, (2004). Postpartum uterine health in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 82 / 83, 295-306.
22. Sheldon IM , Williams EJ, Miller ANA, Nash DM, Herath S, (2008). Uterine diseases in cattle after parturition. Vet J. 176, 115-121.
23. Sheldon IM, Price SB, Cronin J, Gilbert RO, Gadsby JE, (2009). Mechanisms of infertility associated with clinical and subclinical endometritis in high producing dairy cattle. Reprod Dom Anim. 44, 1-9.
24. Silva N, Lobato FC, (1998). Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria recovered from uteri of dairy cows with post-partum endometritis. Rev Bras Reprod Anim. 23, 410-411.
25. Tollefson L, Miller MA, (2000). Antibiotic use in food animals: Controlling the human health impact. J AOAC Int. 83, 245- 254.
26. Westermann S, Drillich M, Kaufmann TB, Madoz LV, Heuwieser W, (2010). A clinical approach to determine false positive findings of clinical endometritis by vaginoscopy by the use of uterine bacteriology and cytology in dairy cows. Theriogenology. 74,1248-1255.
27. Williams EJ, Fischer DP, Pfeiffer DU, England GC, Noakes DE, Dobson H, Sheldon IM, (2005). Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology. 63, 102-117.
28. Zerbe H, Ossadnik C, Leibold W, Schuberth HJ, (2001). Influence of Escherichia coli and Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from bovine puerperal uteri on phenotypic and functional properties of neutrophils. Vet Microbiol. 79, 351-65.