Şule MERDİM, Yeliz YILDIRIM, İbrahim AYDIN

Türkiye’nin Kayseri İli İçme Suyu Alternatiflerinde Bisfenol A ve Ftalat Kalıntılarının Kalitatif Olarak Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmada Kayseri/Türkiye'de içme suyu olarak kullanılan damacana, pet şişe ve çeşme sularında BPA ve ftalat kalıntılarının niteliksel olarak belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Günlük hayatta sıklıkla kullanılan birçok ürünün ve plastiğin üretiminde katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan Bisfenol A ve dibütil fitalat , halk sağlığı ve çevre için risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında toplam 20 adet içme suyu numunesi (9 pet şişe, 7 damacana ve 4 musluk suyu) dibütilftalat (DBP), BPA ve BPA türevleri açısından analiz edilmiştir. Pet şişe su örnekleri arasında; 8'inin (%88.88) BPA, 5'inin (% 55.55) DBP ve 7'sinin (%77.77) BPA türevleri ile kontamine olduğu, damacana su örneklerinin 1'inin (%14.28) BPA ve 7'sinin (100) DBP ile kontamine olduğu tespit edildi. DBP ile içme suyu numunelerinin 2'si (%50) BPA ile ve 4'ü (%100) DBP ile kontamine olmuştur. Damacana ve musluk suyu örneklerinde BPA türevi bulunmazken, pet şişe sularında her üç kirletici için de pozitif bulundu. Öte yandan, tüm damacana ve musluk sularının ftalatlarla kontamine olduğu bulundu. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, bu kimyasallar için en çeşitli kontaminasyonun pet şişe sularında belirlendiğini ortaya koymak- tadır. Bu çalışma, içme suyu kaynaklarında BPA ve ftalat kalıntılarının durumunu ortaya koymuştur. Her türlü içme suyunun kirlenmesini önlemek ve içme sularının BPA ve ftalat ile ilgili güvenliğini sistematik olarak incelemek için önlemler alınmalıdır. Hedef bileşiklerin oluşumunu belirlemek ve ölçmek için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Bisfenol A, endokrin bozucular, ftalat, halk sağlığı, içme suyu

Qualitative Determination of Bisphenol A and Phthalate Residues in Drinking Water Alternatives in Kayseri Province of Türkiye

In this study, it was aimed to qualitatively determine Bisphenol A and dibutyl phthalate residues in carboy, pet bottled and tap waters used as drinking water in Kayseri-Türkiye. Being used as an additive in the production of many products and plastics frequently used in daily life, BPA and phthalates are associated with a variety of health issues and environmental problems. Within the scope of this study, a total of 20 drinking water samples (9 pet, 7 carboy and 4 tap water) were analyzed in terms of dibutyl phthalat (DBP), BPA and BPA derivatives (Bisphenol S and Bisphenol F). Among the pet bottled water samples; 8 (88.88%) were found to be contaminated with BPA, 5 (55.55%) with DBP and 7 (77.77%) with BPA derivatives, while 1(14.28%) of the carboy water samples were found contaminated with BPA and 7(100%) with DBP. Among the tap water samples, 2 (50%) were contaminated with BPA and 4 (100%) with DBP. No BPA derivatives were found in carboy and tap water samples while pet bottled waters were found posi- tive for all three contaminants. On the other hand, all carboy and tap waters were found contaminated with phthalates. The findings of this study reveal that the most variety of contamination for these chemicals is determined in pet bottled waters. This study highlighted the situation of BPA and phthalate residues in drinking water sources. Measures should be taken to prevent the contamination of all types of drinking water and to systematically examine the BPA and phthalate-related safety of drinking waters. Further investigation is needed to determine and quantify the occurrence of the target compounds.

Keywords:

Bisphenol-A, drinking water, endocrine disruptors, phthalate, public health Bisfenol A, endokrin bozucular, ftalat, halk sağlığı, içme suyu,

PDF

___

Almeida S, Raposo A, Almeida-Gonzalez M, Carras- cosa C. Bisphenol A: Food exposure and impact on human health. Compr Rev Food Sci Saf 2018; 17(6): 1503-17.
Al-Saleh I, Shinwari N, Alsabbaheen A. Phthalates residues in plastic bottled water. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36(4): 469e478.
Amiridou D, Voutsa D. Alkylphenols and phthalates in bottled water. J Hazard Mater 2011; 185(1): 281e286.
Benotti MJ, Trenholm RA, Vanderford BJ, Holady JC, Stanford BD, Snyder SA. Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in US drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 43(3):597-603.
Brunelle DJ. Advances in polycarbonates: An over- view. American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 2005; 898: 1-5.
Casajuana N, Lacorte, S. Presence and release of phthalic esters and other endocrine disrupting compounds in drinking water. Chromatographia 2003; 57(9e10): 649e655.
Colin A, Bach C, Rosin C, Munoz JF, Dauchy X. Is drinking water a major route of human exposure to alkylphenol and bisphenol contaminants in France? Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2014; 66(1): 86-99.
Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Palioura E, Kandarakis SA, Koutsilieris M. The impact of endocrine disruptors on endocrine targets. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42: 543-52.
Diduch M, Polkowska, Z, Namiesnik J. Factors affect- ing the quality of bottled water. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2013; 23 (2): 111e119.
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2005). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in con- tact with food (AFC) related to Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for use in food contact materials.
Engel SM, Zhu C, Berkowitz GS, Calafat AM, Silva MJ, Miodovnik A, Wolff MS. Prenatal phthalate exposure and performance on the neonatal behavioral assessment scale in a multiethnic birth co- hort. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30(4): 522e528.
Foster PMD. Disruption of reproductive development in male rat offspring following in utero exposure to phthalate esters. Int J Androl 2006; 29(1): 140e147.
Gray LE, Ostby J, Furr J, Price M, Veeramachaneni DNR, Parks L. Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol Sci 2000; 58(2): 350e365.
Harris CA, Henttu P, Parker MG, Sumpter JP. The estrogenic activity of phthalate esters in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105(8): 802e811.
Heudorf U, Mersch-Sundermann V, Angerer J. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007; 210(5): 623e634.
James-Todd T, Stahlhut R, Meeker JD, Powell SG, Hauser R, Huang T, Rich-Edwards J. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and diabetes among women in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120: 1307-13.
Johnson I, Harvey P. Study on The Scientific Evaluation of 12 Substances In The Context of Endocrine Disrupter Priority List of Actions European Commission. Wrc-Nsf Ref. 2002; Uc 6052.
Kosuth M, Wattenberg EV, Mason SA, Morrison D, Tyree C. Synthetic polymer contamination in global drinking water. PlosOne 2017; 13(4): e0194970.
Kuch HM, Ballschmiter K. Determination of endocrine disrupting phenolic compounds and estrogens in surface and drinking water by HRGC-(NCI)-MS in the picogram perliter range. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35(15): 3201-6.
Legler J, Fletcher T, Govarts E, Porta M, Blumberg B, Heindel JJ, Trasande L. Obesity, diabetes, and associated costs of exposure to endocrine- disrupting chemicals in the European union. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 1278-88.
Li X, Ying GG, Su HC, Yang XB, Wang L. Simultaneous determination and assessment of 4- nonylphenol, bisphenol A and triclosan in tap wa- ter, bottled water and baby bottles. Environ Int 2010; 36: 557e562.
Lind PM, Zethelius B, Lind L. Circulating levels of phthalate metabolites are associated with prevalent diabetes in the elderly. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1519-24.
Loraine GA, Pettigrove ME. Seasonal variations in concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water and reclaimed wastewater in southern California. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40(3): 687-95.
Maggioni S, Balaguer P, Chiozzotto C, Benfenati E. Screening of endocrine-disrupting phenols, herbicides, steroid estrogens, and estrogenicity in drinking water from the waterworks of 35 Italian cities and from PET-bottled mineral water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2012; 20(3):1649-60.
Martino-Andrade AJ, Chahoud I. Reproductive toxicity of phthalate esters. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54 (1): 148e157.
Notardonato I, Russo MV, Avin P. Phthalates and bisphenol A residues in water samples: an innovative analytical approach. Rend Lincei Sci Fis Nat 2018; 29:831-40.
Prokop Z, Hankova, L, Jerabek, K. Bisphenol A syn- thesis-modeling of industrial reactor and catalyst deactivation. React Funct Polym 2004; 60: 77-83.
Santana J, Giraudi C, Marengo E, Robotti E, Pires S, Nunes I, Gaspar EM. Preliminary toxicological assessment of phthalate esters from drinking water consumed in Portugal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2014; 21(2): 1380-90.
Santhi VA, Sakai N, Ahmad ED, Mustafa AM. Occur- rence of bisphenol A in surface water, drinking water and plasma from Malaysia with exposure assessment from consumption of drinking water. Sci Total Environ. 2012; 427-428: 332-8.
Saylor A, Prokopy LS, Amberg S. What's wrong with the tap? Examining perceptions of tap water and bottled water at Purdue University. Environ Manag 2011; 48(3): 588e601.
Serôdio P, Nogueira JMF. Considerations on ultra- trace analysis of phthalates in drinking water. Water Res 2006; 40(13): 2572-82. Serrano SE, Braun J, Trasande L, Dills R, Sathyana- rayana S. Phthalates and diet: a review of the food monitoring and epidemiology data. Environ Health 2014;13(1): 43.
Shao X, Ma J, Wen G. Survey on endocrine disrupt- ing chemicals in a drinking water work in Songhua River Basin. Environ Sci 2005; 29(10): 2723-8.
Stahlhut RW, vanWijngaarden E, Dye TD, Cook S, Swan SH. Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increased waist circumference and insulin resistance in adult US males. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115: 876- 82.
Swan SH. Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans. Environ Res 2008; 108 (2): 177e184.
Swan SH, Main KM, Liu F, Stewart SL, Kruse RL, Calafat AM, Mao CS, Redmon JB, Ternand CL, Sullivan S, Teague JL. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113 (8): 1056e1061.
TGK (2005). Turkish Food Codex. Communiqué on plastics and materials in contact with foodstuffs- 2005/31.
TS266/T1 (2014); TS 266/T2 (2019). 98/83/EC Di- rective, Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 1985, guidelines for drink- ing water quality who world health organization geneva 1993, water consumption regulation for human consumption official gazette dated february 17, 2005.
WHO (World Health Organization) (2010). Environ- mental Health Criteria 189, Di-n-butyl Phthalate. htpp://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ ehc189.htm; Access Date: 09.03.2010.