İpek ÖZENİR, Gülsün NAKIBOĞLU, Pınar ELÇİÇEK GÜNEŞ

Avrupa’ya Taşımacılıkta Lojistik Firmalarının Baz Aldıkları Kriterlerin Belirlenmesi ve Ülke Sıralaması: Hibrid Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Teknikleri İle Bir Uygulama

Uzun yıllardır Ortadoğu’da devam eden savaşlar ve Ortadoğu ülkelerindeki istikrarsızlık Türkiye’de birçok sektörü etkilemiş, işletmelerin zararlara uğramalarına sebep olmuştur. Zarar gören sektörlerden biri de lojistik sektörüdür. Özellikle Hatay ilinde oldukça önemli bir geçim kaynağı olan lojistik sektörü Suriye Savaşı ile birlikte büyük bir sekteye uğramıştır. Savaşla birlikte taşıma maliyetleri yükselmiş, birçok işyeri işçi çıkarmış ve bazı işyerleri kapanmıştır. Hatay’da lojistik sektöründe yer alan işletmelerin büyük bir kısmı da rotasını Avrupa ülkelerine çevirmiştir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle lojistik sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmaların Avrupa ülkelerine taşımacılık faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirirken dikkat ettikleri kriterlerin belirlenmesi ve bu kriterlerin önem sıralarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Devamında elde edilen kriterler baz alınarak taşımacılık faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirmek istedikleri alternatif Avrupa ülkelerinin sıralanması amaçlanmıştır. Hatay ilinde faaliyet gösteren lojistik firmalarının gittikleri Avrupa ülkelerinde baz aldıkları kriterler literatür taraması ve uzman görüşü ile belirlenmiştir. Bu kriterler örneğin geçiş belgesi yeterliliği, UBAK Kotaları, ülkeye özgü kurallar, yakıt maliyetleri, Avrupa’daki sürüş yasakları, gümrük vergileri ve dönüş yükü bulamama gibi kriterlerdir. Hatay'dan Avrupa ülkelerine taşımacılık yapan lojistik firmaları için kriterlerin ağırlıklandırılması ve sıralanmasında hibrid çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden faydalanılmıştır. Kriterlerin ağırlıklarının belirlenmesinde SWARA tekniği kullanılmıştır. Kriterlerin ağırlıkları belirlendikten sonra, çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında Avrupa ülkelerinin sıralaması için MOORA-Oran, MOOSRA ve TOPSIS yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada firmalar için en önemli kriterlerin dönüş yükü bulma, geçiş belgesi yeterliliği, UBAK kotaları olduğu, firmaların taşımacılık faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirmek istedikleri ülkelerin öncelikle İngiltere ve İsveç olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Çalışma, ulaştırma hizmeti sunan taraflar ve lojistik şirketleri için politika önerileri sunmakta ve aynı zamanda şirketleri iyileştirme alanları hakkında da yönlendirebilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Lojistik, Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Teknikleri, Hatay, Ülke seçim kriterleri, Avrupa ülkeleri, SWARA, MOORA-Oran, MOOSRA, TOPSIS

Determining The Criteria Used By Logistics Companies in Their Transport Activities to Europe and Ranking Destination Countries: An Application Based on Hybrid MCDM Methods

Years of war and instability in the Middle East have affected many sectors in Turkey, causing serious losses to companies. One such sector damaged by those wars is the logistics sector. The logistics sector is a very important source of income, particularly in Hatay province, which is one of the cities most affected by the turmoil in the region. Transportation costs in the region have increased substantially due to the war in Syria, forcing many logistics companies engaged in transportation business to fire their employees and, in some cases, even to close down. As a result, most logistics enterprises in Hatay have turned their route towards European countries. This study aims to determine the criteria that logistics companies take into consideration when conducting their transportation activities into Europe, and rank the importance levels of those criteria. Based on the determined criteria, the study then aims to rank the alternative European countries that logistics companies are interested in for their transportation activities. The criteria used by the logistics companies that are active in the province of Hatay in relation to their transportation decisions to European countries have been determined through literature review and expert opinions. These include criteria such as the allocation of transit certificate, ECMT Licences, country specific regulations, fuel costs, driving limitations in Europe, the cost of customs clearance and the costs of not finding a backhaul. An integrated multi-criteria decision making was used in the weighting and ranking of the criteria. SWARA was used to determine the criteria weights. Due to the nature of the SWARA method, the objective weights of the criteria were derived from expert opinions, not depending on the subjective results. After the criteria were weighted, the MOORA-Ratio, MOOSRA and TOPSIS, all of which are highly reliable and practical methods, were employed in the second phase of the study to rank the European countries. The study has found that the most important criteria that companies take into consideration for transporting into Europe are finding backhauls, acquiring transit certificate and the ECMT quotas; while England and Sweden has been found to be the most desired countries in terms of carrying out transportation activities. The study provides policy recommendations for authorities as well as logistics companies that provide transportation service, and can also guide companies about the areas that need improvement.

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