Oğuzhan DİKİCİ, NURAY BAYAR MULUK, Ethem ŞAHİN, Niyazi ALTINTOPRAK

Hamileli¤in koku alma üzerindeki etkileri

Hamileliğin koku alma üzerindeki etkileri Bu derlemede, gebeliğin kadınların koku alma fonksiyonuna etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gebelik ve postmenopozal dönemde,östrojen ve progesteron seviyeleri spesifik fizyolojik koşullarda değiştiğinden, koku algılama ve tanımlama yeteneği üzerinde etkili olmaktadırlar. Hamilelik sırasında burun tıkanıklığı artmaktadır. Hamilelerin %66.6'sı 2. trimesterde olfaktör bozukluktan rahatsızken; %95.8'ibirinci ve üçüncü trimesterde rahatsızdır. Koku alma fonksiyonu doğumdan sonra azalmakta ve ilk 6-12 hafta içinde tamamen düzeldiğigörünmektedir. İkinci trimesterde daha az, birinci ve üçüncü trimesterde daha yüksek olmak üzere, hamile kadınlarda tüm trimesterlerdekoku alma bozukluğu gözlenmektedir. Postpartum dönemde kokuanormallikleri neredeyse tamamen kaybolmaktadır. Koku alma fonksiyonları bebeğin doğumundan sonra iyileştiği için, hamilelik süresince birçok gebede görülen olfaktör değişiklikler fizyolojik değişikliklerolarak kabul edilebilir.

Effects of pregnancy on olfaction

In this review, we aimed to report the effects of pregnancy on olfactionfunction of the women. Since estrogen and progesterone levels changein specific physiological conditions, pregnancy and postmenopausalperiod exert an effect on the capability to sense and identify smells.Nasal stuffiness increased during pregnancy. 66.6% of the pregnantwomen were suffering olfactory dysfunction in the second trimester;while 95.8% in the first and third trimesters. Olfactory function waslessened following birth and throughout the first 6-12 weeks; however,it seemed to improve entirely. In pregnant women, olfactory dysfunction was observed in all trimesters; while it was less in the secondtrimester and high in the first and third trimesters. The smell abnormalities were almost absent at postpartum period. As olfactory functionsimproved after delivery of the baby, olfactory changes during pregnancy may be accepted as physiological changes which were observed inmany pregnant women.

PDF

___

1. Savoviç S, Ninciç D, Lemajiç S, et al. Olfactory perception in women with physiologically altered hormonal status (during pregnancy and menopause. [Article in Croatian] Med Pregl 2002;55:380-3.
2. Davidson TM, Jalowayski A, Murphy C, Jacobs RD. Evaluation and treatment of smell dysfunction. West J Med 1987;146:434- 8.
3. Lötsch J, Reichmann H, Hummel T. Different odor tests contribute differently to the evaluation of olfactory loss. Chem Senses 2008;33:17-21.
4. Wolfensberger M, Hummel T. Anti-inflammatory and surgical therapy of olfactory disorders related to sino-nasal disease. Chem Senses 2002;27:617-22.
5. Kobal G, Hummel T, Sekinger B, Barz S, Roscher S, Wolf S. "Sniffin' sticks": screening of olfactory performance. Rhinology 1996;34:222-6.
6. Bende M, Gredmark T. Nasal stuffiness during pregnancy. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1108-10.
7. Nordin S, Broman DA, Wulff M. Environmental odor intolerance in pregnant women. Physiol Behav 2005;84:175-9.
8. Doty RL, Snyder PJ, Huggins GR, Lowry LD. Endocrine, cardiovascular, and psychological correlated of olfactory sensitivity changes during the human menstrual cycle. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1981;95:45-60.
9. Robinson AM, Philpott CM, Gaskin JA, Wolstenholme CR, Murty GE. The effect of female hormone manipulation on nasal physiology. Am J Rhinol 2007;21:675-9.
10. Hummel T, Gollisch R, Wildt G, Kobal G. Changes in olfactory perception during the menstrual cycle. Experientia 1991;47: 712-5.
11. Goodwin TM. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: an obstetric syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186(5 Suppl Understanding): S184-9.
12. Heinrichs L. Linking olfaction with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, recurrent abortion, hyperemesis gravidarum, and migraine headache. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186(5 Suppl Understanding): S215-9.
13. Erick M. Hyperolfaction and hyperemesis gravidarum: what is the relationship? Nutr Rev 1995;53:289-95.
14. Nosulia EV, Kim IA, Borisenko GN, Chernykh NM, Shakova EA. Olfactory dysfunction encountered in the practical work of the otorhinolaryngologist: the analysis of symptoms of different pathological conditions and in the pregnant women. [Article in Russian] Vestn Otorinolaringol 2013;4:72-7.
15. Laska M, Koch B, Heid B, Hudson R. Failure to demonstrate systematic changes in olfactory perception in the course of pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Chem Senses 1996;21:567-71.
16. Kuga M, Ikeda M, Suzuki K, Takeuchi S. Changes in gustatory sense during pregnancy. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2002;(546): 146-53.
17. Wohlgemuth C, Beinder E, Ochsenbein-Kölble N, Hummel T. Changes in olfactory function with several pregnancies? Swiss Med Wkly 2008;138:466-9.
18. Zwaardemaker H. Die Physiologie des Geruchs. Leipzig: Engelmann; 1895.
19. Simsek G, Bayar Muluk N, Arikan OK, Ozcan Dag Z, Simsek Y, Dag E. Marked changes in olfactory perception during early pregnancy: a prospective case-control study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015;272:627-30.
20. Hummel T, von Mering R, Huch R, Kölble N. Olfactory modulation of nausea during early pregnancy? BJOG 2002;109: 1394-7.
21. Gilbert AN, Wysocki CJ. Quantitative assessment of olfactory experience during pregnancy. Psychosom Med 1991;53:693- 700.
22. Nordin S, Broman DA, Olofsson JK, Wulff M. A longitudinal descriptive study of self-reported abnormal smell and taste perception in pregnant women. Chem Senses 2004;29:391-402.
23. Cameron EL. Measures of human olfactory perception during pregnancy. Chem Senses 2007;32:775-82.
24. Kölble N, Hummel T, von Mering R, Huch A, Huch R. Gustatory and olfactory function in the first trimester of pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;99:179-83.
25. Ochsenbein-Kölble N, von Mering R, Zimmermann R, Hummel T. Changes in olfactory function in pregnancy and postpartum. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007;97:10-4.
26. Lee RV. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: an evolutionary hypothesis. Rev Med Chil 2002;130:580-4.