Variety Development of Wheat in Turkey and the Impact of Regulations
Variety Development of Wheat in Turkey and the Impact of Regulations
The main aims of this s tudy were to compile the his torical wheat variety lis t released in wheat breeding in Turkey, to compare
the wheat variety release with some selected countries and evaluate the impact of regulations on wheat research and variety
development. Wheat breeding s tarted in 1925 soon after the foundation of Republic of Turkey. Firs t variety was released
in 1928, and 617 wheat varieties were released since then. National Variety Lis t (NVL) was published every year, however
only 484 of total released varieties are currently in the NVL. 485 varieties are of bread wheat and 128 of them are durum
wheat, 2 two are of Tr. monococcum, 1 is of Tr. turgidum and 1 is of Tr. spelta. As Turkey has diverse growing conditions,
spring, winter and facultative bread and durum wheat varieties are grown, and varieties are released for these conditions.
316, 191 and 110 varieties of winter, spring and facultative wheat have been released, respectively. The comparisons were
made for variety release among Turkey, Iran, Hungary and the UK. The highes t number of varieties released per ha was in
UK followed by Hungary, Turkey, Iran in 5-year-period. New regulations s timulated releasing greater number of varieties
and involvement of private sector in breeding. Surveys are made to find out the varieties planted in the farmers’ field and
their adoption rates. New molecular technologies, such as fingerprinting can be used to increase accuracy of the variety
identification and adoption rate of any variety in such surveys.
___
- Altay F, (2018). Cumhuriyetten günümüze buğday
çalışmaları sunumu. Türkiye yerel buğdaylar
sempozyumu. 20-22 December 2018, Bolu Turkey.
- Bishaw Z, Yigezu AY, Keser M, Niane AA, Engiz M,
Popay S and Küçükçongar M, (2021). Political
economy of the wheat sector in Turkey: Seed
systems, varietal adoption, and impacts. 226 pp.
- Braun HJ, Zencirci N, Altay F, Atlı A, Avcı M, Eser
V, Kambertay and Payne TS, (2001). Turkish
wheat pool; In the world wheat book; history of
wheat breeding. Bonjean AP, Angus WJ (eds)
pp 851-879.
- Dreisigacker S, Sharma RK, Huttner E, Karimov A,
Obaidi MQ, Singh PK, Sansaloni C, Shrestha R,
Sonder K and Braun HJ, (2019). Tracking the
adoption of bread wheat varieties in Afghanistan
using DNA fingerprinting. BMC Genomics,
20(1); 660. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-
6015-4
- Garapaty R, Majumder R, Thapa D, Upadhyay SR,
Baidya S, Basnet R, Bhandari D, Gade P,
Paranjape V, Killian A, Vijayaraghavan VK and
Acevedo M, (2021). DNA fingerprinting at farm
level to map wheat variety adoption across Nepal.
Crop Science. 2021;61:3275-3287. https://doi.
org/10.1002/csc2.20497
- Gummadov N, Keser M, Akin M, Cakmak M,
Mert Z, Taner S, Ozturk I, Topal A, Yazar S and
Morgounov A, (2015). Genetic gains in wheat in
Turkey: Winter wheat for irrigated conditions.
The Crop Journal, 3: 507-516.
FAO (2021). http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
Accessed 27 December 2021.
- Hodson DP, Jaleta M, Tesfaye K, Yirga C, Beyene H,
Kilian A, Carling J, Disasa T, Alemu SK, Daba
T, Alemayehu Y, Badebo A, Abeyo B and
Erenstein O, (2020). Ethiopia’s transforming
wheat landscape: Tracking variety use through
DNA fingerprinting. Scientific Reports, 10, 18532.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75181-8
- IWWIP (2021). International Winter Wheat
Improvement Program www.iwwip.org Accessed
10 December 2021.
- Jaleta M, Tesfaye K, Kilian A, Yirga C, Habte E,
Beyene H, Abeyo B, Badebo A and Erenstein O,
(2020). Misidentification by farmers of the
crop varieties they grow: Lessons from DNA
fingerprinting of wheat in Ethiopia. PLOS
ONE, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235484
- Keser M, Gummadov N, Akın B, Belen S, Mert Z,
Taner S, Topal A, Yazar S, Morgounov A,
Sharma RC and Ozdemir F, (2017). Genetic
gains in wheat in Turkey: Winter wheat
for dryland conditions. The Crop Journal,
http://doi:10.1016/j.cj.2017.04.004
- Keser M and Cakmak M, (2021). About one century
of wheat breeding endeavor, 1925-2021.
International Conference on agriculture in Alanya
and in the world. 29-31 October 2021 Alanya,
Turkey. Proceedings and abstracts pp. 307.
- Keser M, Bishaw Z, Popay S, Engiz M, Niane AA,
and Yigezu AY, (2021). Variety development
and evaluation. in Political economy of the
wheat sector in Turkey: Seed systems, varietal
adoption, and impacts. pp 28-38, Bishaw Z,
Yigezu AY, Keser M, Niane AA, Engiz M, Popay
S, and Küçükçongar M (eds), https://hdl.handle.
net/20.500.11766/66513.
- Kretzschmar T, Mbanjo EGN, Magalit GA, Dwiyanti MS,
Habib MA, Diaz MG, Hernandez J, Huelgas Z,
Malabayabas ML, Das SK, and Yamano T, (2018).
DNA fingerprinting at farm level maps rice
biodiversity across Bangladesh and reveals
regional varietal preferences. Scientific Reports,
8, 14920. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-
33080-z
- Kronstad EW, (2000). Impact of technology on partner
countries-the Turkish experience. Oregon State
University Extension Service Special Report
1017. in Proceedings of Warren E. Kronstad
Honorary Symposium February 18, 1999 Karow
R and Reed B. (eds) pp 80-86.
- Lantican MA, (2016). Impacts of international wheat
improvement research, 1994-2014. CIMMYT
Institutional Multimedia Publications Repository
http://repository.cimmyt.org
- Lantican MA, Dubin HJ, and Morris ML, (2005).
Impacts of International Wheat Breeding
Research in the Developing World, 1988-2002.
Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
- OG (1963). Official Gazette, (1963). Tohumlukların
tescil ve sertifikasyonu hakkında kanun https://
www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/11493.pdf
- OG (1969). Official Gazette, (1969). Tohumluk cinsi
ve çeşidi. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/
arsiv/13210.pdf Accessed 15 December 2021
- OG (2004). Official Gazette, (2004). Yeni bitki
çeşitlerine ait ıslahçı haklarının korunmasına
ilişkin kanun. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/
eskiler/2004/01/20040115.htm#1
- OG (2006). Official Gazette, (2006). Tohumculuk
kanunu. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/
eskiler/2006/11/20061108.htm
- Ozbek I, Atay S, Altay F, Cabi E, Özkan H and Atlı
A, (2016). Türkiye buğday atlası. WWF. Doğal
Hayatı Koruma Vakfı, Eylül 2016, İstanbul.
PVSG (2021). Plant Varieties and Seeds Gazette (2021)
www.gov.uk/government/publications/plantvarieties-
and-seeds-gazette-2020 Accessed 02
December 2021.
- VRSCC (2021). Variety Registration and Seed
Certification Center (2021). www.tarimorman.
gov.tr/BUGEM/TTSM/Sayfalar/Detay.
aspx?SayfaId=85 Accessed 12 December 2021.
- Yirga C, Alemu D, Oruko L, Negisho K and Traxler G,
(2016). Tracking the diffusion of crop varieties
using DNA fingerprinting, Research Report 112,
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research