ABDULLAH YILDIRIM, MURAT BOYSAN, ERBİL KARAMAN, ORKUN ÇETİN, Hanım Güler ŞAHİN

Relationships between somatosensory amplification, health anxiety and low back pain among pregnant women

Introduction: A great proportion of pregnant women experience low back pain during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to uncover potential psychological mechanisms underlying pregnancy -related back pain. Method: Fifty two women with low back pain and forty seven women without low back pain were volunteered to participate in the study. A battery set containing the Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was completed by all participants. Group comparisons were conducted using logistic regression analysis. Relationships of psychological symptoms with pain as measured by the VAS were assessed using regression analysis. Results: Regression models showed that somatosensory amplification satisfactorily explained the group difference between pregnant women with and without low back pain. A tendency to anomalous somatic sensation was associated with the individual differences on scores of the VAS. Conclusion: We concluded that pregnant women high in somatosensory amplification were at greater risk of development of low back pain during pregnancy.

PDF

___

Fast A, Shapiro D, Ducommun EJ, et al. Lowback-pain in pregnancy. Spine 1987; 12: 368- 371.

Sehmbi H, D'Souza R, Bhatia A. Low back pain in pregnancy: Investigations, management, and role of neuraxial analgesia and anaesthesia: a systematic review. Gynecol Obstet Inves 2017; 82(5): 417-436.

Albert H, Godskesen M, Westergaard J. Prognosis in four syndromes of pregnancyrelated pelvic pain. Acta Obstet Gyn Scan 2001; 80: 505-510.

Kelly-Jones A, McDonald G. Assessing musculoskeletal back pain during pregnancy. Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 1997; 4: 205-210.

Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. In: Merskey H, Bogduk N, editors. IASP Task Force on Taxonomy. 2nd Edition ed. WA: IASP Press: Seattle 1994.

Yildirim A, Aydın A. Kronik bel ağrılı hastalarda psikososyal sorunlar. Turkiye Klinikleri J Neurosurg-Special Topics 2015; 5: 140-144.

Geisser ME, Robinson ME, Miller QL, Bade SM. Psychosocial factors and functional capacity evaluation among persons with chronic pain. J Occup Rehabil 2003; 13: 259- 276.

Turk DC, Swanson SK, Wilson HD. Psychological aspects of pain. In: Fishman SM, Ballantyne JC, Rathmell JP, editors. Bonica‟s management of pain. 4th edition ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010; 74-85.

Salkovskis PM, Rimes KA, Warwick HMC, Clark DM. The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychol Med 2002; 32: 843- 853.

Aydemir Ö, Kırpınar İ, Satı T, Uykur B, Cengisiz C, editors. Sağlık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği‟nin Türkçe için güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. 47. National Psychiatry Congress; 2011; Antalya, Turkey.

Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiat Scand 1983; 67: 361-370.

Aydemir Ö, Güvenir T, Küey L, Kültür S. Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliği. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 1997; 8: 280-287.

Barsky AJ, Wyshak G, Klerman GL. The Somatosensory Amplification Scale and its relationship to hypochondriasis. J Psychiat Res 1990; 24: 323-334.

Gulec H, Sayar K. Reliability and validity of the Turkish form of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale. Psychiat Clin Neuros 2007; 61: 25-30.

Hothorn T, Everitt BS. A handbook of statistical analyses using R. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2009.

Bakker EC, Van Nimwegen-Matzinger CW, Ekkel-Van der Voorden W, Nijkamp MD, Vollink T. Psychological determinants of pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain: a prospective cohort study. Acta Obstet Gyn Scan 2013; 92: 797-803.

Robinson HS, Velerod MB, Mengshoel AM, Vollestad NK. Pelvic girdle pain - associations between risk factors in early pregnancy and disability or pain intensity in late pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Bmc Musculoskel Dis 2010; 11: 91.

Asmundson GJG, Norton GR, Allerdings MD. Fear and avoidance in dysfunctional chronic back pain patients. Pain 1997; 69: 231- 236.

Asmundson GJG, Norton PJ, Norton GR. Beyond pain: The role of fear and avoidance in chronicity. Clin Psychol Rev 1999; 19: 97- 119.

Vlaeyen JWS, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 2000; 85: 317-332.

Ahles TA, Cassens HL, Stalling RB. Private Body Consciousness, Anxiety and the Perception of Pain. J Behav Ther Exp Psy 1987; 18: 215-222.

Martin JB, Ahles TA, Jeffery R. The Role of Private Body Consciousness and Anxiety in the Report of Somatic Symptoms during Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging. J Behav Ther Exp Psy 1991; 22: 3-7.

Schmidt AJM, Wolfstakens DJ, Oosterlaan J, Vandenhout MA. Psychological Mechanisms in Hypochondriasis-Attention-Induced Physical Symptoms without Sensory Stimulation. Psychother Psychosom 1994; 61: 117-120.

McCracken LM. ''Attention'' to pain in persons with chronic pain: A behavioral approach. Behav Ther 1997; 28: 271-284.

Albert HB, Godskesen M, Korsholm L, Westergaard JG. Risk factors in developing pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain. Acta Obstet Gyn Scan 2006; 85: 539-544.

Mogren IM, Pohjanen AI. Low back pain and pelvic pain during pregnancy - Prevalence and risk factors. Spine 2005; 30: 983-991.

Stahl SM. Chronic pain and its treatment. Stahl‟s Essential Psychopharmacology. 4th Edition ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2013; 420-443.