Yunus Sinan BİRİCİK, Mehmet Haluk SİVRİKAYA, Burak KARABABA

Sporcu ve Sporcu Olmayan Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Covid-19 Kaygısı, Tükenmişlik, Mental İyi Oluş Ve Dayanıklılık Arasındaki İlişkiler / The Relationship between Covid-19 Anxiety, Burnout, Mental Well-Being, and Resilience ın Student-Athletes and Non-Student-Athletes

COVID-19 salgını süreci, özellikle üniversite öğrencilerinin akademik, sosyal ve psikolojik durumlarındaki güçlü düşüşlerle ilişkilendirildi. COVID-19 ile ilgili kaygılar genellikle refahın kötüleşmesiyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Çoğu üniversite öğrencisinin karşı karşıya kaldığı yüklere ek olarak, sporcu öğrenciler de bu psiko-sosyal sonuçlara maruz kalmıştır. Bu nedenle psikolojik uyum becerilerine karşı koruyucu etmenlerin incelenmesi önemlidir. Kişinin zorluklara karşı tepki verme yeteneği olarak tanımlanan dayanıklılık ve direnç gibi kavramlar da koruyucu faktör olabilir. Pandemi süreci devam etmesi ile sporcu ve sporcu olmayan üniversite öğrencilerde dayanıklılık ve direnç henüz bu bağlamda incelenmemiştir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmanın amacı, psikolojik sağlamlığın, mental iyi oluş, COVID-19 kaygısı ve tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkide düzenleyici rolünü incelemektir. Araştırma üniversitenin farklı bölümlerinde öğrenim gören 412 sporcu ve 366 sporcu olmayan toplam 778 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak, COVID-19 ile ilişkili kaygı ölçeği, kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği, Warwıck-Edınburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği kısa formu ve maslach tükenmişlik ölçeği öğrenci formu kullanılmıştır. Sporcu ve sporcu olmayan öğrencilerin kaygı, tükenmişlik ve mental iyi oluş ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiler Pearson momentler çarpım korelasyon katsayısı ile belirlenmiştir. Veri analizinde değişkenler arasındaki doğrudan ve dolaylı yordayıcı etkileri belirlemek için yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, her iki grupta da psikolojik sağlamlığın COVID-19 kaygısı ve tükenmişlik üzerinde negatif, mental iyi oluş üzerinde ise pozitif ilişkilidir. Dayanıklılık, her iki gruptaki öğrenciler için COVID-19 kaygısı, tükenmişlik ve zihinsel sağlık üzerinde önemli etkilere aracılık etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Üniversite öğrencileri, Spor, COVID-19 kaygısı, Tükenmişlik, Mental iyi oluş, Dayanıklılık

The Relationship between Covid-19 Anxiety, Burnout, Mental Well-Being, and Resilience ın Student-Athletes and Non-Student-Athletes / Sporcu ve Sporcu Olmayan Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Covid-19 Kaygısı, Tükenmişlik, Mental İyi Oluş Ve Dayanıklılık Arasındaki İlişkiler

The COVID-19 pandemic process has been associated with particularly strong declines in the academic, social, and psychological conditions of university students. Concerns about COVID-19 have often been correlated with worsening well-being. Besides the burdens most university students face, student-athletes have also been exposed to these psycho-social consequences. Therefore, it is important to examine the protective factors against psychological adjustment skills. Concepts such as resilience and endurance, which are defined as one's ability to react to difficulties, can also be protective factors. With the ongoing pandemic process, resilience and endurance in university students who are athletes and non-athletes have not yet been examined in this context. For this reason, this study aims to examine the mediator role of resilience in the relationship between mental well-being, COVID-19 anxiety, and burnout. 778 university students, 412 athletes and 366 non-athletes, studying in different departments of the university participated in the study. As data collection tools, COVID-19 related anxiety scale, short psychological resilience scale, Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale short form and maslach burnout scale student form were used. The relationships between the anxiety, burnout, mental well-being and psychological resilience levels of the athletes and non-athletes were determined by the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. Structural equation modeling was used in data analysis to determine the direct and indirect predictive effects between variables. The results showed that resilience was negatively related to COVID-19 anxiety and burnout, and positively related to mental well-being in both groups. Resilience mediated significant effects on COVID-19 anxiety, burnout, and mental well-being for students in both groups.

Keywords:

University students, Spor, COVID-19 anxiety, Burnout, Mental well-being, Resilience,

PDF

___

Aristovnik, A., Keržič, D., Ravšelj, D., Tomaževič, N., & Umek, L. (2020). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on life of higher education students: A global perspective. Sustainability, 12(20), 8438.
Baig, A. M. (2020). Deleterious outcomes in long-hauler COVID-19: the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the CNS in chronic COVID syndrome. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 11(24), 4017-4020.
Boyaci, M., & Özhan, M. (2018). The role of hope and family relations of school burnout among secondary school students: A structural equation modeling. Education and Science, 43(195).
Bradley, M., & Chahar, P. (2020). Burnout of healthcare providers during COVID-19. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 1-3.
Caddick, N., & Ryall, E. (2012). The social construction of ‘mental toughness’–a fascistoid ideology? Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 39(1), 137-154.
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research, 287, 112934.
Carlisle, S., & Hanlon, P. (2008) Well-being’as a focus for public health? A critique and defence, Critical Public Health,18(3), 263-270
Crombie, A. P., Ilich, J. Z., Dutton, G. R., Panton, L. B., & Abood, D. A. (2009). The freshman weight gain phenomenon revisited. Nutrition Reviews, 67(2), 83-94.
Çapri, B., Gündüz, B., & Gökçakan, Z. (2011). Maslach tükenmişlik envanteri-öğrenci formu'nun (mte-öf) Türkçe'ye uyarlamasi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 40(1), 134-147.
Demir, A., & Çifçi, F. (2020). Covıd-19 pandemi sürecinde egzersizin lise öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(3), 169-179.
Demirtaş, A. S., & Baytemir, K. (2019). Warwick-edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği kisa formu’nun türkçe’ye uyarlanmasi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(70), 689-701.
Deng, C.-H., Wang, J.-Q., Zhu, L.-M., Liu, H.-W., Guo, Y., Peng, X.-H., Shao, J. & Xia, W. (2020). Association of web-based physical education with mental health of college students in Wuhan during the COVID-19 outbreak: cross-sectional survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(10), e21301.
Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
Dong, Y., Dai, T., Wei, Y., Zhang, L., Zheng, M., & Zhou, F. (2020). A systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 5(1), 237.
Dursun, Y., & Kocagöz, E. (2010). Yapisal eşitlik modellemesi ve regresyon: karşılaştırmalı bir analiz. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi (35), 1-17.
Ehrich, J., Mornane, A., & Powern, T. (2017). Psychometric Validation of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Journal of Applied Measurement, 18(2), 122–136.
FiuzaLuces, C., Garatachea, N., Berger, N. A., & Lucia, A. (2013). Exercise is the real polypill. Physiology. (28), 330 –358.
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2016). Mental fortitude training: An evidence-based approach to developing psychological resilience for sustained success. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 7(3), 135-157.
Friborg, O., Barlaug, D., Martinussen, M., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Hjemdal, O. (2005). Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14(1), 29-42.
Fuller, J. A., Hakim, A., Victory, K. R., Date, K., Lynch, M., Dahl, B. & Team, R. (2021). Mitigation policies and COVID-19–associated mortality—37 European countries, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(2), 58.
Gerber, M., Best, S., Meerstetter, F., Walter, M., Ludyga, S., Brand, S., Bianchi, R., Madigan, D. J., Isoard-Gauher, S. & Gustafsson, H. (2018). Effects of stress and mental toughness on burnout and depressive symptoms: A prospective study with young elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(12), 1200-1205.
Gibbons, C., Dempster, M., & Moutray, M. (2011). Stress, coping and satisfaction in nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(3), 621-632.
Gilligan, R. (1999). Enhancing there silience of children and young people in public careby mentoring their talentsand ınterests. Child and Family Social Work, 4, 187-196.
Graupensperger, S., Benson, A. J., Kilmer, J. R., & Evans, M. B. (2020). Social (un) distancing: Teammate interactions, athletic identity, and mental health of student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 662-670.
Grubic, N., Jain, S., Mihajlovic, V., Thornton, J. S., & Johri, A. M. (2021). Competing against COVID-19: have we forgotten about student-athletes’ mental health? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(17), 950-951.
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26-44.
Guillén, F., & Laborde, S. (2014). Higher-order structure of mental toughness and the analysis of latent mean differences between athletes from 34 disciplines and non-athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 60, 30-35.
Haghighi, M., & Gerber, M. (2019). Does mental toughness buffer the relationship between perceived stress, depression, burnout, anxiety, and sleep? International Journal of Stress Management, 26(3), 297–305.
Hagiwara, G., Tsunokawa, T., Iwatsuki, T., Shimozono, H., & Kawazura, T. (2021). Relationships among student-athletes’ identity, mental health, and social support in Japanese student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 7032.
HallLópez, J. A. (2020). Physical activity levels in physical education teachers before and during school suspension brought by the covid-19 quarantine. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 475-481.
He, F., Cao, R., Feng, Z., Guan, H., & Peng, J. (2013). The impacts of dispositional optimism and psychological resilience on the subjective well-being of burn patients: A structural equation modelling analysis. PloS one, 8(12), e82939.
He, F. X., Turnbull, B., Kirshbaum, M. N., Phillips, B., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2018). Assessing stress, protective factors and psychological well-being among undergraduate nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 68, 4-12.
Hegde, B. M. (2018). Health benefits of exercise. Kuwait Med. J, 50, 143-145.
Heiston, E. M., Eichner, N. Z., Gilbertson, N. M., & Malin, S. K. (2020). Exercise improves adiposopathy, insulin sensitivity and metabolic syndrome severity independent of intensity. Experimental Physiology, 105(4), 632-640.
Hensel, L., Witte, M., Caria, A. S., Fetzer, T., Fiorin, S., Götz, F. M., … & Kraft-Todd, G. (2022). Global behaviors, perceptions, and the emergence of social norms at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 193, 473-496.
HolmHadulla, R. M., & Koutsoukou-Argyraki, A. (2015). Mental health of students in a globalized world: Prevalence of complaints and disorders, methods and effectivity of counseling, structure of mental health services for students. Mental Health & Prevention, 3(1-2), 1-4.
Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., ... & Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547-560.
Holshue, M. L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K. H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., … & Tural, A. (2020). First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. 382:929-936
Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18-27
Hughes, D., Saw, R., Perera, N. K. P., Mooney, M., Wallett, A., Cooke, J., Coatsworth, N. & Broderick, C. (2020). The Australian Institute of Sport framework for rebooting sport in a COVID-19 environment. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(7), 639-663.
JimenoAlmazán, A., Pallarés, J. G., Buendía-Romero, Á., Martínez-Cava, A., Franco-López, F., Sánchez-Alcaraz Martínez, B. J., Bernal-Morel, E. & Courel-Ibáñez, J. (2021). Post-COVID-19 syndrome and the potential benefits of exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5329.
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21(2), 243-264.
Karagöz, Y. (2019). SPSS-AMOS-META uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. In: Ankara: Nobel yayın dağıtım.
Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-Edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği’nin Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
Kesmodel, U. S. (2018). Cross‐sectional studies–what are they good for? Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 97(4), 388-393.
Keyes, C. L. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 539
Knowles, C., Shannon, S., Prentice, G., & Breslin, G. (2021). Comparing mental health of athletes and non-athletes as they emerge from a COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 612532.
Küçük, V., & Bozkurt, S. (2015). Pala (2015, 10-13 Eylül): 15 yaş altı futbolcuların zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Araştırma Kongresi, Çanakkale, Türkiye.
Kwan, M. Y., Cairney, J., Faulkner, G. E., & Pullenayegum, E. E. (2012). Physical activity and other health-risk behaviors during the transition into early adulthood: a longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(1), 14-20.
Laborde, S., Guillén, F., & Mosley, E. (2016). Positive personality-trait-like individual differences in athletes from individual-and team sports and in non-athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 9-13.
Lally, P. (2007). Identity and athletic retirement: A prospective study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(1), 85-99.
Lee, E. E., Martin, A. S., Tu, X., Palmer, B. W., & Jeste, D. V. (2018). Childhood adversity and schizophrenia: the protective role of resilience in mental and physical health and metabolic markers. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79(3), 2559.
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., …. & Andrews, K. G. (2012). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380(9859), 2224-2260.
Madigan, D. J., & Curran, T. (2021). Does burnout affect academic achievement? A meta-analysis of over 100,000 students. Educational Psychology Review, 33, 387-405.
Madrigal, L., Hamill, S., & Gill, D. L. (2013). Mind over matter: The development of the Mental Toughness Scale (MTS). The Sport Psychologist, 27(1), 62-77.
Mahoney, J., Ntoumanis, N., Mallett, C., & Gucciardi, D. (2014). The motivational antecedents of the development of mental toughness: A self-determination theory perspective. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 184-197.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
McGarry, S., Girdler, S., McDonald, A., Valentine, J., Lee, S. L., Blair, E., Wood, F. & Elliott, C. (2013). Paediatric health‐care professionals: Relationships between psychological distress, resilience and coping skills. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 49(9), 725-732.
Moore, E. W. G., Petrie, T. A., & Slavin, L. E. (2022). College Student-athletes' COVID-19 Worry and Psychological Distress Differed by Gender, Race, and Exposure to COVID-19–related Events. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(4), 559-566.
Organization, W. H. (2020). World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
Pengpid, S., Peltzer, K., Kassean, H. K., Tsala Tsala, J. P., Sychareun, V., & Müller-Riemenschneider, F. (2015). Physical inactivity and associated factors among university students in 23 low-, middle-and high-income countries. International Journal of Public Health, 60, 539-549.
Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510-512.
Pitt, A., Oprescu, F., Tapia, G., & Gray, M. (2018). An exploratory study of students’ weekly stress levels and sources of stress during the semester. Active Learning in Higher Education, 19(1), 61-75.
Pitt, V., Powis, D., Levett-Jones, T., & Hunter, S. (2014). The influence of personal qualities on performance and progression in a pre-registration nursing programme. Nurse Education Today, 34(5), 866-871.
PlanchueloGómez, Á., Odriozola-González, P., Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R. (2020). Longitudinal evaluation of the psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis in Spain. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 842-849.
Pullman, A. W., Masters, R. C., Zalot, L. C., Carde, L. E., Saraiva, M. M., Dam, Y. Y., Randall Simpson, J. A. & Duncan, A. M. (2009). Effect of the transition from high school to university on anthropometric and lifestyle variables in males. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 34(2), 162-171.
RíosRisquez, M. I., García‐Izquierdo, M., Sabuco‐Tebar, E. d. l. Á., Carrillo‐Garcia, C., & Solano‐Ruiz, C. (2018). Connections between academic burnout, resilience, and psychological well‐being in nursing students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(12), 2777-2784.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness: Guilford Publications.
Sanborn, V., Todd, L., Schmetzer, H., Manitkul-Davis, N., Updegraff, J., & Gunstad, J. (2021). Prevalence of COVID-19 anxiety in division I student-athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 15(2), 162-176.
Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464-481.
Schuch, F. B., Bulzing, R. A., Meyer, J., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Grabovic, I., Willeit, P., Tavares, V., Calegaro, V. C., Deenik, J., Lopez-Shancez, G. F., Veronese, N., Caperchione, C. M., Sadarangani, K. P., Abufaraj, M., Tully, M. A. & Smith, L. (2020). Associations of moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior with depressive and anxiety symptoms in self-isolating people during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in Brazil. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113339.
Silva, A. M., Nunes, C. L., Jesus, F., Francisco, R., Matias, C. N., Cardoso, M., Santos, I., Carraca, E. V., Finlayson, G., Silva, M. N., Dickinson, S., Allison, D., Minderico, C. S., Martins, P. & Sardinha, L. B. (2022). Effectiveness of a lifestyle weight-loss intervention targeting inactive former elite athletes: the Champ4Life randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(7), 394-401.
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200.
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of medical internet research, 22(9), e21279. StultsKolehmainen, M., Filgueiras, A., & Blacutt, M. (2020). Factors linked to changes in mental health outcomes among Brazilians in quarantine due to COVID-19. MedRxiv, 2020.2005. 2012.20099374.
Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazilari.
Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J. & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and Quality of life Outcomes, 5(1), 1-13.
Toprakçı, M.S., Hepsöğütlü, Z. B. & Toprakçı, E. (2021) The perceptions of students related to the sources of problems in distance education during the covid-19 epidemic (example of İzmir Anatolian High School. E-International Journal of Pedandragogy (e-ijpa) 1(2), 41-61. TrDoi: https://trdoi.org/10.27579808/e-ijpa.40
Toprakçı, E. ve Hepsöğütlü, Z. B. (2022). Anadolu lisesi öğretmenlerinin uzaktan öğretime ilişkin sorun kaynağı algıları. International Journal of Leadership Training (IJOLT), 6(2), 1-14. TrDoi: https://trdoi.org/10.26023458/uled.1166943
Tükel, Y. (2021). Covid 19 sürecinde rekreatif faaliyetlere katılan bireylerin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi-BÜSBİD, 6(1), 91-104.
Valenzuela, P. L., Castillo-Garcia, A., Morales, J. S., Izquierdo, M., Serra-Rexach, J. A., Santos-Lozano, A., & Lucia, A. (2019). Physical exercise in the oldest old. Age, 5, 11.16.
Vizoso, C., Arias-Gundín, O., & Rodríguez, C. (2019). Exploring coping and optimism as predictors of academic burnout and performance among university students. Educational Psychology, 39(6), 768-783.
Wang, C., & Zhao, H. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on anxiety in Chinese university students. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1168.
Watts, C. J., Hilliard, R. C., & Graupensperger, S. (2022). Relationships between resilience, mental well-being, and COVID-19 worries in collegiate student-athletes. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4.
Weinberg, R., & Gould, D. (1999). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (No. Ed. 2). Human Kinetics Publishers (UK) Ltd.
Wingo, A. P., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2014). Resilience characteristics mitigate tendency for harmful alcohol and illicit drug use in adults with a history of childhood abuse: A cross-sectional study of 2024 inner-city men and women. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 51, 93-99.
Wu, D., Luo, Y., Ma, S., Zhang, W., & Huang, C.-J. (2021). Organizational stressors predict competitive trait anxiety and burnout in young athletes: Testing psychological resilience as a moderator. Current Psychology, 1-9.
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Lacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & Mclntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55-64.
Yılmaz, V., & Çelik, Çelik, H. (2009). LISREL ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi-I: temel kavramlar, uygulamalar, proglamlama. Pegem Akademi.
Zhai, Y., & Du, X. (2020). Addressing collegiate mental health amid COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry research, 288.