Türkiye'de Askeri Harcama Yakınsaması: Fourier Birim Kök Testinden Kanıtlar

Neoklasik model, bir ülkenin sosyal refah hizmet işlevini en üst düzeye çıkarmak için en uygun askeri harcama düzeyini seçtiğini varsayarken, askeri harcama talebi, ekonomik kaynakların, güvenliğe yönelik tehditlerin ve o ülkenin siyasi ideolojisinin bir işlevi olarak modellenir. Yakınsama analizi literatürde genel olarak fiyat, gelir, enflasyon, kamu harcamaları, turizm vb. ekonomik değişkenler üzerinde incelenmektedir. Askeri harcama yakınsaması için ilk ampirik yaklaşım Arvanitidis vd. (2014) tarafından dikkate alınmış ve bundan sonra literatür genişlemiştir. Bu çalışmada askeri harcama yakınsaması Türkiye için araştırılmış ve stokastik yakınsamanın varlığını sınamak için birim kök testlerinden faydalanılmıştır. 1960-2019 yılları arasında Türkiye askeri harcamalarının ABD askeri harcamalarına yakınsayıp yakınsamadığı araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla Fourier birim kök testi kullanılmıştır. Fourier temelli testler diğer geleneksel testlere göre kırılma yada doğrusal olmayan trend durumunda avantaj sağlamaktadır. Elde edilen stokastik yakınsama sonuçlarına göre yakınsamanın gerçekleşmediği bulgusuna ulaşılmaktadır.

Convergence in Turkey Military Spending: Evidence from the Fourier Unit Root Test

The neoclassical model assumes that a country chooses the most appropriate level of military spending to maximize its social welfare service function, while the demand for military spending is modeled as a function of economic resources, threats to security, and the political ideology of that country. Convergence analysis is generally examined in the literature on economic variables such as price, income, inflation, public expenditures, and tourism. The first empirical approach to military spending convergence was considered by Arvanitidis (2014) and the literature has since expanded. This study was conducted for the convergence of military spending in Turkey. Unit root tests are used to test the presence of stochastic convergence. It is being investigated whether of Turkey military is spending convergence to US military expenditures between years 1960-2019. Fourier unit root test was used for this purpose. Fourier-based tests provide an advantage over other conventional tests in case of break or nonlinear trend. According to the stochastic convergence results obtained, it is concluded that the convergence does not occur.

___

Apergis, N., Christou, C., & Hassapis, C. (2013). Convergence in public expenditures across EU countries: evidence from club convergence. Cogent Economics & Finance, 1(1), 862735.

Arvanitidis, P., Kollias, C., & Anastasopoulos, K. (2014). Is there an international convergence in defence burdens? Some initial findings. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(4), 611-620.

Arvanitidis, P., & Kollias, C. (2016). Converging defence burdens? Some further findings. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 22(4), 365-375.

Arvanitidis, P., Kollias, C., & Messis, P. (2017). Converging allies?. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 23(2).

Baumol, W. J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: what the long-run data show. The american economic review, 1072-1085.

Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199.

Friedman, M. (1992). Do old fallacies ever die?Journal of Economic Literature, 30, 2129–2132.

Güri̇ş, S., Güriş, B., & Tiraşoğlu, M. (2017). Do military expenditures converge in NATO countries? Linear and nonlinear unit root test evidence. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 24(2) 237-248.

Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447-456.

Herrerias, M. J., & Liu, G. (2013). Electricity intensity across Chinese provinces: New evidence on convergence and threshold effects. Energy Economics, 36, 268-276.

Islam, N. (2003). What have we learnt from the convergence debate?. Journal of economic surveys, 17(3), 309-362.

Lau, C. K. M., Demir, E., & Bilgin, M. H. (2016). A nonlinear model of military expenditure convergence: Evidence from estar nonlinear unit root test. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(3), 392-403.

Lin, E.S., Ali, H.E. & Lu, Y-L. (2015). Does Military Spending Crowd Out Social Welfare Expenditure? Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(1), 33-48.

 

Liu, T. Y., Su, C. W., Tao, R., & Cong, H. (2019). Better is the Neighbor?. Defence and peace economics, 30(6), 706-718.

Maior, G.C. & Matei, M. (2003). Bridging the Gap in Civil-Military Relations in Southeastern Europe: Romania’s Defense-Planning Case. Mediterranean Quarterly, 14(2), pp. 60-76.

Peled, D. (2001). Defense R&D and Economic Growth in Israil: A Research Agenda, Haifa: Samuel Neaman Institute.

Quah, D. (1993). Galton’s fallacy and tests of the convergence hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95, 427–44.

Sawhney, B., Anoruo, E., & DiPietro, W. R. (2016). The world distribution of military spending: is there a convergence?. International Journal of Computational Economics and Econometrics, 6(4), 351-365.

SIPRI (2017). Stockholm international peace research institute yearbooks world armament and disarmament. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Solarin, S. A. (2018). Determinants of military expenditure and the role of globalisation in a cross-country analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(7), 853-870.

Solarin, S. A. (2019). Convergence of defence burdens in Asia-pacific economies: A residual augmented least squares approach. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 25(2).

Treddenick, J. (1985). The Arms Race and Military Keynesianism. Canadian Journal of Public Policy, 5, 64-80.

Yazgan, Ş., Ceylan, R., & Mollavelioğlu, M. Ş. (2018). Seçilmiş NATO ülkelerinde askeri harcamaların yakınsaması: Doğrusal olmayan birim kök testinden kanıtlar. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 18(37), 118-132.

Yilanci, V., Eryüzlü, H., & Hopoğlu, S. (2020). Convergence of Military Burdens in the MENA Region. Uluslararası İlişkiler/International Relations, 17(66), 41-59.