Merve UYTUN CİKİLİ, DİDEM BEHİCE ÖZTOP, Ertuğrul EŞEL

Evaluating the attachment behaviour in during puberty and adulthood

Bebeklik döneminde temelleri atılan bağlanma davranışı yaşam boyu etkisini sürdürmektedir. Bu dönemde birincil bakım veren (genelde anne) ve bebek arasında gelişen bağlanma, ergenlikle birlikte akranlara doğru yönelmektedir. Erişkinlik dönemine gelindiğinde ise duygusal ilişki kurulan eş ilk sırayı almaktadır. Temel olarak değişmeden devam eden bu bağlanma örüntüleri, kişinin kişisel ve sosyal hayatı, profesyonel ilişkileri, stres kontrolü, fiziksel ve psikolojik sağlığı ve kognitif gelişimi gibi birçok alanda etkili olmaktadır. Bebekliğinde güvenli bağlanma geliştirmiş olan bireyler, ergenlik ve erişkinlik dönemindeki ilişkilerini de sağlıklı olarak kurabilmekte, hayatlarındaki problemler ile daha iyi baş edebilmekte ve daha az sorun yaşamaktadırlar. Bunun tersine, güvensiz bağlanma geliştirmiş olan bireyler ise ergenlik ve erişkinlik dönemlerindeki ilişkilerinde sorun yaşarlar, ilişkileri problemlidir ve hayatlarındaki sorunlar ile başa çıkmakta zorlanırlar. Ayrıca, güvensiz bağlanmanın ergenlik ve erişkinlik dönemdeki birçok psikopatolojinin gelişmesinde rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında bağlanma örüntüleri, hem çocukluk döneminde hem erişkin dönemde psikiyatrik uygulamalar açısından genel bir çerçeve belirlenmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında, temel olarak Bowlby’nin bağlanma kuramı çerçevesinde, bağlanmanın nörobiyolojisi, ergenlik ve erişkinlik döneminde bağlanma davranışları ve erişkin dönemde bağlanmayı değerlendirmede kullanılan testlere genel bir bakış sunulmuştur.

Ergenlik ve erişkinlikte bağlanma davranışının değerlendirilmesi

The attachment behaviour, which begins to be established during infancy, may continue its influence all lifelong. In this period, the attachment developed between primary caregiver (usually the mother) and the baby, is inclined toward peers during puberty period. When she/he reaches adulthood, the partner with whom an emotional relationship is established takes the first place. These attachment patterns which continue without any basic change have an influence on several areas such as the personal and social life, professional relationships, stress control, physiological and psychological health, and cognitive development of an individual. Those who developed a safe attachment during their infancy can establish healthier relationships during their puberty period and adulthood and they are able to cope with the problems in their life better and experience less problem. On the contrary, the individuals who developed insecure attachment, experience problems with their relationships during their puberty period and adulthood, have problematic relationships and have difficulty in coping with the problems in their lives. Moreover, it is considered that insecure attachment has a role in the development of many psychopathologies during puberty and adulthood. In this respect, attachment patterns provide a general framework for the psychiatric applications in both childhood and adulthood. In this review, a general viewpoint is presented for the neurobiology of attachment, attachment behaviours during puberty and adulthood and the tests used to evaluate attachment within the scope of Bowlby’s attachment theory.

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