TARİHSEL KURGUDA YENİDEN YAZIM STRATEJİSİNE KURAMSAL BİR YAKLAŞIM

Uzun bir süre cinsiyetçi terimlerle tanımlanıp eril yazarlık ve okuyucu kitlesi ile ilişkilendirilen tarihsel kurgudaki kadın bakış açısı, giderek daha popüler hale geliyor olmasına rağmen, edebiyat eleştirisi açısından ihmal edilmiştir. Kadın yazarlar tarafından yazılan ve yeniden yazım pratiği ile şekillenmiş tarihsel kurgu romanlarının sayısının ve bu romanlara olan ilginin son yıllarda giderek arttığı yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Bu çalışma, kadın yazarların yeniden yazım pratiği ile şekillenmiş çağdaş tarihsel kurgu eserleri temelinde, ‘yeniden yazım’ kavramının postmodernist ve feminist bir eylem olarak kuramsal temellerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Tarihsel kurgunun ataerkil kalıplarla şekillenen tanımı ve aynı zamanda yakın zamana dek resmî ideolojilerin tekilci yönlendirmelerine maruz kalan kısıtlayıcı tarihi incelendikten sonra, postmodernizmin ve ikinci dalga feminizmin ‘yeniden yazım’ pratiğine ve bu pratik ile şekillendirilen tarihsel kurgunun yükselişine nasıl ve ne şekilde katkıda bulunduğu tartışılacaktır. Çalışmanın son bölümde ise, çağdaş kadın yazarların ‘yeniden yazım’ bağlamındaki görüşlerinin bu çalışmanın temel savlarını nasıl uyumlu bir şekilde yansıttığı da çeşitli örneklerle gösterilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

: Yeniden yazım, Tarihsel roman, Postmodernizm, İkinci dalga feminizm.

A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO REWRITING STRATEGY IN HISTORİCAL FICTION

Even though it is becoming increasingly popular, the female perspective in historical fiction, long defined in sexist terms and associated with masculine authorship and readership for centuries, has been neglected in literary criticism. In recent years, it has become apparent that the number of historical novels shaped by rewriting strategies and written by women writers, and the interest in these novels are gradually increasing. This study, therefore, aims to uncover the theoretical underpinnings of ‘rewriting’ based on contemporary historical fiction by women writers as a postmodernist and feminist strategy. After examining the timeline of historical fiction and its relatively narrow definition, which, until recently, was shaped by totalising and patriarchal patterns, the paper will discuss how and in what ways postmodernism and second-wave feminism contribute to the idea of ‘rewriting’ and the rise of women’s historical fiction that capitalises on rewriting. In addition, the authors will present diverse examples to show how contemporary women writers’ views on ‘rewriting’ harmoniously reflect the main arguments of this study.

Keywords:

Rewriting, Historical Fiction, Postmodernism, Second-wave feminism,

PDF

___

Altın, M. (2021). Breakıng the silence: woman as a subject in Pat Barker’s The Silence of the Girls. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 61 (2), 841–863. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2021.61.2.9
Atwood, M. (2012). Survival: a thematic guide to Canadian literature. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
Barker, P. (2019, 21 Kasım). I was astonished by that silence. The eloquence of the men, the absolute silence of the women. Five Dials. Erişim Adresi: https://fivedials.com/interviews/i-was-astonished-by-that-silence-the-eloquence-of-the-men-the-absolute-silence-of-the-women-pat-barker-interview/, (Erişim Tarihi: 5.05.2023).
Beauvoir, S. (2010). The second sex. (C. Borde and S. Malovany-Chevallier, Trans.) New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Bedggood, D. (2005). (Re)constitued past: postmodern historicism in the novels of Graham Swift and Julian Barnes. In J. Acheson & S. C. E. Ross (Eds.), The contemporary British novel since 1980 (pp. 203-216). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cavallaro, D. (2003). French feminist theory. London and New York: Continuum.
Cixous, H. (1976). The laugh of the Medusa. (Cohen, K., & Cohen, P., Trans.) Signs, 1 (4), 875–893. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3173239
Cooper, K. & Short, E. (2012). Introduction: Histories and heroines: the female figure in contemporary historical fiction. In K. Cooper & E. Short (Eds.), The female figure in contemporary historical fiction (pp. 1-23). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Coste, D. (2004). Rewriting, literariness, literary history. Revue LISA/LISA e-journal, 5 (2), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.4000/lisa.2893
de Groot, J. (2010). The historical novel. London and New York: Routledge.
Derrida, J. (1982). Positions. (A. Bass, Trans.) United States of America: The University of Chicago.
Ebert, T. L. (1991). The “difference” of postmodern feminism. College English, 53(8), 886–904. https://doi.org/10.2307/377692
Fleishman, A. (1971). The English historical novel: Walter Scott to Virginia Woolf. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
George, M. (n.d.). A Conversation with Margaret George. Penguin Random House. Erişim Adresi: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/288955/helen-of-troy-by-margaretgeorge/9780143038993/readers-guide/, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2023).
Gilbert, S. & Gubar, S. (2000). The madwoman in the attic: the woman writer and the nineteenth-century literary imagination. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Greengrass, M. (2019, 29 Nisan). The Waterstones interview: Pat Barker on The Silence of the Girls. Waterstones. Erişim Adresi: https://www.waterstones.com/blog/the-interview-pat-barker-on-the-silence-ofthegirls?utm_source=WS_TheSilenceOfTheGirls&utm_medium=twitter&utm_ccampaig=april2019twitter, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.05.2023).
Haneş, I. (2018). About two concepts: postmodernism and rewriting. Journal of Humanistic and Social Studies, 9(1), 51–60. Erişim Adresi: https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/about-two-concepts-postmodernism-rewriting/docview/2269918250/se-2, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.04.2023).
Haynes, N. (2020). Pandora’s jar: women in the Greek myths. London: Picador.
Heilmann, A. & Llewellyn, M. (2004). Hystorical fictions: women (re)writing and (re)reading history. A Cultural Review, 15 (2), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/0957404042000234006
Hutcheon, L. (2004). A poetics of postmodernism: history, theory, fiction. New York: Routledge.
Irigaray, L. (1987). The speculum of the other woman. (G. C. Gill, Trans.) New York: Cornell University Press.
Klages, M. (2012). Key terms in literary theory. London and New York: Continuum.
Kristeva, J. (1984). Revolution in poetic language. (M. Waller, Trans.) New York: Columbia University Press.
Lukács, G. (1989). The historical novel. (H. Mitchell & S. Mitchell, Trans.) London: Merlin Press.
Lyotard, J. (1984). The postmodern condition: a report on knowledge. (G. Bennington & B. Massumi, Trans.) Minneapolis: Minnesota Press.
McHale, B. (2004). Postmodernist fiction. London and New York: Routledge.
Millet, K. (2000). Sexual politics. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Moraru, C. (2001). Rewriting: postmodern narrative and cultural critique in the age of cloning. United States of America: State University of New York Press.
Nünning, A. (1997). Crossing borders and blurring genres: towards a typology and poetics of postmodernist historical fiction in England since the 1960s. European Journal of English Studies, 1 (2), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825579708574388
O’Keeffe, A. (2023, 14 Nisan). Nibbies 2023: Natalie Haynes in conversation about shortlisted novel Stone Blind. The Bookseller. Erişim Adresi: https://www.thebookseller.com/author-interviews/natalie-haynes-on-challenging-patriarchal-historical-narratives-and-championing-female-voices, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2023).
Ostriker, A. (1982). The thieves of language: women poets and revisionist mythmaking. Signs, 8 (1), 68–90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3173482
Plate, L. (2011). Transforming memories in contemporary women’s rewriting. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rewrite (n.d.). In Cambridge Dictionary. Erişim Adresi: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/rewrite, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2023).
Rich, A. (1972). When we dead awaken: writing as re-vision, College English, 34 (1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/375215
Rivkin, J. & Ryan, M. (2004). Introduction: Feminist Paradigms. In J. Rivkin & M. Ryan (Eds.), Literary theory: an anthology (pp. 765-770). United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
Sellers, S. (2001). Myth and fairy tale in contemporary women’s fiction. New York: Palgrave.
Spivak, G. C. (2006). In other worlds: essays in cultural politics. New York: Routledge.
Wallace, D. (2005). The woman’s historical novel: British women writers, 1900-2000. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
White, H. (1985). Tropics of discourse: essays in cultural criticism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.