Modern Siyaset Tasavvurunun Paradigmatik Öncülleri

Bugün itibariyle sert eleştirilere maruz kalan modern siyaset tasavvurunun paradigmatik çerçevesi, ana hatlarıyla 17. yüzyılda çizilmiş; ardından gelen dönemlerde pek çok paradigma-içi revizyona uğramış olsa da günümüze değin önce Batı’da sonra da Batı’nın dünya sathındaki genişlemesine paralel bir şekilde, neredeyse bütün toplumlarda ana-akım siyaset anlayışını belirleye gelmiştir. Nitekim bu konuda, günümüzdeki siyasal değerler için kriter kabul edilen 1776 tarihli Amerikan Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi, 1789 tarihli Amerikan Haklar Beyannamesi ve Fransız İnsan ve Vatandaşlık Hakları Bildirgesi’nin yazarlarının, 17. yüzyılda geliştirilen bireyci tabii hukuk yaklaşımını metinleri için temel referans noktası almış olduklarını hatırlatmak yeterlidir. Bu makalenin amacı, modern siyaset tasavvurunun paradigmatik yapısını yaslandığı öncüller üzerinden yeniden tasvir etmek, böylelikle eleştiri literatürüne çözümleyici bir katkıda bulunmaktır. 17. yüzyıldan itibaren, özellikle Batı’da filizlenmiş ve olgunlaşmış ve birbiriyle rekabet hâlindeki pek çok teorik yaklaşımı yatay kesen bu öncüller siyasal alanın özerkliği, “iyi hayat” idealinin terki, özgürlük ve eşitlik ekseni, tabii hukuk ve tabii haklar nosyonu, bireycilik ve akılcılık şeklinde özetlenebilir

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Modern Siyaset Tasavvuru, Siyasal Alan, Hobbes, Locke, Sosyal Sözleşme, Faydacılık, Liberalizm

Paradigmatic Premises of the Modern Political Imaginary

The paradigmatic boundaries of modern political imaginary were drawn in Europe throughout the seventeenth century. Although it went through several intra-paradigmatic revisions, the mainstream approach to politics has been set by this framework first in the West and then in the “rest,” along with the unprecedented civilizational expansion of the West over other parts of the world. Suffice to say that the authors of the 1776 U.S. Declaration of Independence, the American Bill of Rights, and the Declaration of Human and Civic Rights in 1789, which are popularly considered the universal framework of reference for contemporary political values, took the individualist natural law approach of the seventeenth century as the point of departure for their texts. This article aims to describe modern political imaginary through the paradigmatic premises it relies on thereby providing a de-constructive contribution to the critical literature on the modern conception of politics. Cutting across several different and even rival theoretical reflections on politics developed in the West since the great revolution of the seventeenth century, these premises can be summarized as the notion of the autonomy of politics, lack of the idea of the “good life,” the axis of freedom and equality, the conception of natural law and natural rights, individualism and rationalism

Keywords:

Modern Political Imaginary, Realm of Politics, Hobbes, Locke, Social Contract, Utilitarianism, Liberalism,

PDF

___

Aquinas, Thomas, The Summa Theologica II, Great Books of the Western World içinde, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1952.
Arendt, Hanna, The Human Condition: A Study of the Central Di- lemmas Facing Modern Man, New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959.
Aristoteles, Nicomachean Ethics, The Great Books of the Western World IX içinde, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1982.
Aristoteles, Politics, çev. Benjamin Jowett, New York: Random House, 1943.
Aristoteles, Rhetoric, The Great Books of the Western World IX içinde, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1982.
Berlin, Isaiah, “Two Concepts of Liberty”, I. Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty içinde, Londra: Oxford university Press, 1990.
Bodin, Jean, The Six Books of the Commonwealth, Cambridge: Harvard university Press, 1962.
Cassirer, Ernst, The Myth of the State, New Haven: Yale univer- sity Press, 1946.
Catholic Encyclopedia,
http://www.newadvent.org/ cathen/07322c.htm.
Christman, John, “Autonomy in Moral and Political Philo- sophy”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta, ed. uRL= (son erişim: 14 Mart 2014).
Collingwood, R. G., Doğa Tasarımı, çev. Kurtuluş Dinçer, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, 1997.
D’Entreves, Alexander Pesserin, The Notion of the State: An Intro- duction to Political Theory, Londra: Oxford university Press, 1967.
Davutoğlu, Ahmet, Alternative Paradigms: The Impact of Islamic and Western Weltanschauungs on Political Theory, Maryland: uni- versity Press of America, 1994.
Davutoğlu, Ahmet, Civilizational Transformation and the Mus- lim World, Kuala Lumpur: Mahir Publications, 1994.
De Benoist, Alain, “What is Sovereignty?”, Elements 96, (Kasım, 1999): 24-35.
Dijksterhuis, E. J., The Mechanization of the World Picture, çev. C. Dikshoorn, New York: Oxford university Press, 1969.
Dupre, Louis, Passage to Modernity: An Essay in the Hermeneutics of Nature and Culture, New Heaven: Yale university Press, 1993.
Dupre, Louis, The Enlightenment and the Intellectual Foundati- ons of Modern Culture, New Haven: Yale university Press, 2004.
Ebenstein, William, Siyasi Felsefenin Büyük Düşünürleri, çev. İs- met Özel, İstanbul: Şule Yayınları, 1996.
Eisenstadt, S. N., Modernization: Protest and Change, New Jer- sey: Prentice-Hall, 1966.
Forsyth, Murray, “Hobbes’ Contractarianism: A Comparative Analysis”, The Social Contract From Hobbes to Rawls, ed. David Bo- ucher ve Paul Kelly, Londra: Routledge, 1994.
Gauthier, David, “The Social Contract as Ideology”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 6/2, (Kış, 1977): 130-164.
Gauthier, David, Morals by Agreement, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
Gibbon, Edward, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Gre- at Books of the Western World içinde, Chicago: Encyclopedia Bri- tannica, Inc., 1952.
Gordon, Scott, The History and Philosophy of Social Science, Londra: Routledge, 1997.
Grafton, Anthony, Yeni Dünyalar Eski Metinler: Geleneğin Gücü ve Keşiflerin Yarattığı Şaşkınlık, çev. Füsun Savcı, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2004.
Gray, John, Liberalism, Minneapolis: university of Minnesota Press, 1995.
Hampton, Jean, “Contract and Consent”, A Companion to Con- temporary Political Philosophy, ed. Robert E. Gooding ve Philip Pettit, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1998.
Hazard, Paul, The European Mind: The Critical Years 1680-1715, New Heaven: Yale university Press, 1953.
Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, çev. Semih Lim, İstanbul: Yapı Kre- di Yayınları, 1995.
Hobbes, Thomas, The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, ed. Sir William Molesworth, 11 cilt, Londra: John Bonn, 1839-1845; yeni- den basım Aalen (Almanya): Scientia, 1962.
Hollis, Martin, The Philosophy of Social Science, Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 1994.
Horkheimer, Max, Eclipse of Reason, New York: Seabury Press, 1974.
Ingersoll, D. E., Matthews, R. K. ve Davison, A., The Philosophic Roots of Modern Ideologies, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001.
Kant, Immanuel, “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlighten- ment?”, What is Enlightenment?”, Eighteenth-Century Answers and Twentieth-Century Questions içinde, ed. James Schmidt, Berkeley: university of California Press, 1996.
Kayapınar, M. Akif, “Modern Siyaset Tasavvurunun Mekaniz- macı Arkaplanı”, Dîvân Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi 18/35, (2013/2): 1-42.
Koyre, Alexandre, From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins university Press, 1982.
Kömbe, İlker, Adalet Dairesinin Teşekkülü ve Temel Kavramları, yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sos- yal Bilimler Enstitüsü İslam Felsefesi Bilim Dalı, 2014.
Kuhn, Thomas S., Kopernik Devrimi: Batı Düşüncesinin Gelişi- minde Gezegen Astronomisi, çev. H. Turan, D. Bayrak, S. K. Çelik, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, 2007.
Kymlicka, Will, Çağdaş Siyaset Felsefesine Giriş, çev. Ebru Kılıç, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2004.
Locke, John, The Second Treatise on Government, Political Wri- tings, ed. David Wootton, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Com- pany, 2003.
Machiavelli, Niccolo, Hükümdar, çev. Necdet Adabağ, İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları, 2009.
MacIntyre, Alasdair, Ethik’in Kısa Tarihi: Homerik Çağdan Yir- minci Yüzyıla, çev. Hakkı Hünler ve Solmaz Zelyüt Hünler, İstan- bul: Paradigma, 2001.
Manent, Pierre, An Intellectual History of Liberalism, New Jersey: Princeton university Press, 1995.
Mazrui, Ali A., “Alienable Sovereignty in Rousseau: A Further Look”, Ethics 77/2, (Ocak 1967): 107-121.
Nisbet, Robert, History of the Idea of Progress, New York: Basic Books, 1970.
Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, New York: Basic Bo- oks, 1974.
Oakeshott, Michael, Rationalism in Politics, Londra: Methuen ve Co. Ltd., 1962.
Online Etymology Dictionary, http://www.etymonline.com/in- dex.php?term= individual.
Oppenheimer, Joe A., “Rational Choice Theory”, Encyclopedia of Political Theory, ed. Mark Bevir, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Pub- lications, Inc., 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412958660. n377.
Öğütle, Vefa Saygın, Metodolojik Bireyciliğin Eleştirisi, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2013.
Özlem, Doğan, Max Weber’de Bilim ve Sosyoloji, İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınları, 2001.
Pierson, Christopher, The Modern State, Londra: Routledge, 1996.
Plato, The Republic, çev. G. M. A. Grube, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1974.
Polanyi, Karl, The Great Transformation: The Political and Eco- nomic Origins of Our Time, Boston: Beacon Press, 1957.
Rawls, John, “Justice as Fairness: Political, not Metaphysical”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 14, (Summer 1985): 223-239;
Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice, Massachusetts: Harvard univer- sity Press, 1971.
Rawls, John, Siyasal Liberalizm, çev. M. Fevzi Bilgin, İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2007.
Roskin, Michael G., Countries and Concepts: Politics, Geography, Culture, New Jersey: Pearson, 2013.
Rousseau, J. J., Toplum Sözleşmesi, çev. Vedat Günyol, İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2007.
Russell, Bertrand, History of Western Philosophy, Londra: Rout- ledge, 1996.
Sabine, George H. ve Thorson, Thomas L., A History of Political Theory, Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1973.
Sandel, Michael, “The Procedural Republic and the unencumbe- red Self”, Communitarianism and Individualism, ed. Shlomo Avi- neri ve Avner de-Shalit, New York: Oxford university Press, 1992.
Sartori, Giovanni, “What is politics?”, Political Theory I/1, (Şubat, 1973): 5-26.
Schmitt, Carl, Siyasi İlahiyat: Egemenlik Kuramı Üzerine Dört Bölüm, çev. Emre Zeybekoğlu, İstanbul: Dost Kitabevi, 2005.
Seigel, Jerrold, “Önsöz”, Pierre Manent, An Intellectual History of Liberalism içinde, New Jersey: Princeton university Press, 1995.
Shapiro, Ian, The Moral Foundations of Politics, New Haven: Yale university Press, 2003.
Strauss, Leo, Natural Right and History, Chicago: Chicago uni- versity Press, 1965.
Strauss, Leo, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Its Genesis, Chicago: The university of Chicago Press, 1963.
Strauss, Leo, What is Political Philosophy?, Chicago: Chicago university Press, 1988.
Sugden, Robert, “Contractarian Enterprise”, Rationality, Justice and Social Contract: Themes from Morals by Agreement, ed. David Gauthier ve Robert Sugden, Londra: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993.
Taylor, Charles, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Iden- tity, New York: The Cambridge university Press, 1996.
The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, ed. Robert Audi, New York: Cambridge university Press, 2001.
Weber, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, ed. Talcott Parsons, New York: The Free Press, 1964.
Whitehead, A. North, Adventures of Ideas, New York: The Free Press, 1967.
Whitehead, A. North, Science and the Modern World, New York: The Free Press, 1967.
Wolin, Sheldon S., Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovati- on in Western Political Thought, New Jersey: Princeton university Press, 2004.
Yaylacı, İsmail, “Modernliğin Şeraiti, Liberalizmin Şeriatı”, Dîvân Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi 18/34, (2013/1): 49-96.
Youngs, J. William T., “A Puritan Death: John and Thomasine Winthrop”, American Realities: Historical Episodes, New York: Har- per Collins College Publishers, 1993.
Paradigmatic Premises of the Modern Political Imaginary