Japonya’da Kamakura Dönemi (1185-1333) Budist Okulları Ve Manastır Kurumu

Altıncı yüzyılda Çin’den Kore aracılığıyla Japonya’ya gelen Budizm, bu ada ülkesinde çeşitli yenilik ve dönüşümlere maruz kalmış, karşılaştığı yeni koşullar çerçevesinde kendisini defalarca şekillendirmiştir. Budizmin Japon tarihinde yaşadığı bu dönüşümlerden biri de Kamakura döneminde vuku bulmuştur. Önceki dönemin Budist okullarının yozlaştığından şikâyet eden Budist rahipler çözümü yeni anlayışlar geliştirmekte görmüş ve bu bağlamda Kamakura dönemi Budist okullarını kurmuşlardır. Bu makalenin amacı söz konusu Budist okullarını manastır hayatı noktasında benimsedikleri farklılıklar açısından değerlendirmektir. Budizm söz konusu olduğunda manastır kurumunun merkezi konumu yadsınamaz, bu nedenle günümüz Japon Budizminin de çoğunluğunu oluşturan Kamakura dönemi Budist okullarının manastır hayatı noktasında benimsedikleri anlayışları ele almak Japon Budizmini anlamak için gereklidir. Bu bağlamda makalede öncelikle Kamakura dönemi Budizminin gelişimini etkileyen unsurlara değinilecek sonrasında bu dönemde gelişen Arı Ülke, Nichiren ve Zen okulunun manastır hayatına bakışı ele alınacaktır. Önceki dönemlerde ortaya çıkmış fakat Kamakura döneminde de varlığını devam ettiren altı Nara okulu ile Tendai ve Shingon okulları bu makalenin kapsamı dışında kalmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kamakura Budist okulları, Zen Budizmi, Manastır Hayatı, Eisai, Dōgen

Kamakura Period (1185-1333) Buddhist Schools and Monasticism

Buddhism, came to Japan via Korea in the sixth century, has undergone various transformations and changes in this island country and has been shaped many times by the new circumstances it has come across. One of these important transformations which Buddhism went through in Japanese history took place during the Kamakura Period. Buddhist monks like Eisai, Dōgen, and Hōnen who complaining that the Buddhist schools of the previous periods were degenerated, developed new understandings and established the Kamakura Buddhist schools. The purpose of this article is to examine these new Buddhist schools in terms of their understandings of the monastic life. In Buddhism, because it is undeniable the centrality of monastery, it is necessary to discuss the Kamakura schools’ approaches toward the monastic life to comprehend the Japanese Buddhism. In this context, firstly the conditions that affecting the development of the Kamakura Buddhist schools are analyzed. Secondly, it is discussed Pure Land, Nichiren, and Zen schools’ understanding of monastic life. Six Nara schools and Tendai and Shingon schools that emerged in the previous periods but continued to exist during the Kamakura period as well are beyond the scope of this article.

Keywords:

Kamakura Buddhist Schools, Zen Buddhism, Monastic Life, Eisai, Dōgen,

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