Dindarlık ve Evlilik Uyumu İlişkisi: Evli Bireyler Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Bu çalışmanın amacı, evlilik uyumu ve dindarlık arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Dinler, birey ve toplum hayatında önemli bir yeri olan evlilik ve aile yaşantısına fazlaca ilgi göstermişlerdir. Bu iki kurumun muhafazası amacıyla birtakım emir ve yasaklar ortaya koymuşlar, eşler arasındaki ilişkinin huzurlu ve uzun süreli olmasını amaçlamışlardır. Ancak son dönemlerde yaşanan modernleşme ve sekülerleşme gibi büyük çaplı değişimlerin, dinlerin insanlar üzerindeki etkisini azalttığı öne sürülmekte, bu azalan etki evlilik ve ailenin yapısı ve işleyişinde de hissedilmektedir. Bilhassa son yüzyılda cinsellik algısının, kadın ve erkek rollerinin belirgin bir şekilde değişmesi, nikâhsız birliktelik, boşanma ve tek ebeveynli aile oranlarının artması gibi somut bulgular bu açıdan değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda dinî yaşayış ile evlilik ve aile hayatı arasındaki ilişkinin günümüzde devam edip etmediği sorusu önem kazanmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, en az bir yıllık evli olan 418 bireyden oluşmaktadır. Veriler Çift Uyum Ölçeği ve Dinsel Yaşayış Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Toplanan veriler Pearson Moment ve Spearman Rho korelasyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre evlilik uyumu ve dindarlık arasında pozitif yönde, anlamlı, ancak düşük düzeyde bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Aynı şekilde dindarlık ve evlilik uyumunun alt boyutları ile evlilik uyumu ve dindarlığın alt boyutları arasında da pozitif yönde, genellikle anlamlı ve düşük düzeyde bir ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ortaya çıkan bu araştırma bulguları ilgili literatür bağlamında tartışılmış ve yorumlanmış, ileride yapılacak çalışmalar için önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Bu bağlamda dinlerin, sosyal kontrol ve sosyal destek özellikleri vasıtasıyla bireyin evlilik uyumuna katkı sağlayabilecekleri, çiftler için sosyal bir ağ vazifesi görebilecekleri, birlikte yapılan dinî pratiklerin evliliğe olumlu yansımalarının olabileceği, geleneksel dinî kabullerin evlilik uyumuna destek olmakla birlikte modern dönemde birtakım problemleri beraberinde getirebileceği, travmatik olaylar karşısında tercih edilen dinî başa çıkma tarzının çiftlerin ilişkisinde etkili olabileceği ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca evlilik uyumunu etkileyen birçok faktör olduğu için, dindarlığın, evlilikteki bütün problemlerin anahtarı olduğunu öne sürmenin doğru olmayacağı, dindarlığın ikincil bir faktör olarak daha çok evlilik uyumunu etkileyen faktörlere bakışı şekillendirdiği belirtilmiştir. Öneriler kısmında ise dindarlık düzeyinden ziyade dindarlık tarzlarını ölçen ölçeklerle de çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği, bu sayede bazı dindarlık tarzlarının evlilik uyumu üzerindeki olası negatif etkilerinin ortaya çıkarılabileceği, farklı kültürel kabullerden mütevellit evlilik uyumuna dair uyarlama ölçeklerin yerelleştirilmesine ya da kültürle uyumlu ve onu temsil kabiliyetine sahip özgün ve yerli ölçekler geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç duyulduğu, evlilik uyumu çalışmalarında boylamsal çalışmaların daha sağlıklı sonuçlar vereceği, çalışmamızda elde ettiğimiz bulguların evlilik ve aile terapilerinde dinî yaşayışın kullanılmasına ilişkin çalışma yapacak uzmanlara veriler sunabileceği belirtilmiştir.

The Relationship Between Religiosity and Marital Adjustment: A Research on Married Individuals

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between marital adjustment and religiosity. Religions show a great deal of interest in marriage and family life which has an important place in individual and community life. In order to preserve these two institutions, they have introduced a number of orders and prohibitions, and they have aimed to ensure that the relationship between spouses is peaceful and long-term. However, large-scale changes experienced in recent times, such as modernization and secularization, have been suggested to reduce the influence of religions on people, and this reducing influence is also felt in the structure and functioning of marriage and family. In particular, concrete findings such as a significant change in the perception of sexuality and the gender roles of women and men, and the increase in the rates of cohabitation, divorce and single-parent families are evaluated in this respect. In this context, the question of whether the effect of religious life on marriage and family life continues today is gaining importance. The sample of the study is consisted of 418 individuals who were married for at least one year at the time of the study. The data were collected by Dyadic Adjustment Scale and Religious Living Scale. The collected data were analyzed by Pearson Moment and Spearman Rho correlation analysis. According to the results, there is a positive, significant but low-level correlation between marital adjustment and religiosity. Likewise, it is determined that there is a positive, generally significant and low-level correlation between the religiosity and sub-dimensions of marital adjustment and the marital adjustment and sub- dimensions of religiosity. These emerging research findings are discussed and interpreted in the context of the relevant literature, and suggestions have been made for future work. In this context, it is expressed that religions can contribute to individual’s marital adjustment by means of their social control and social support features, and can serve as a social network for couples; the religious practices that are performed together may have a positive effect on marriage; although traditional religious acceptances support the marital adjustment, they may bring some problems in the modern period; the preferred way of religious coping against traumatic events may be effective in the relationship of couples. Moreover, since there are many factors affecting marital adjustment, it is stated that it is not right to argue that religiosity is the key to all problems in marriage, actually it shapes the view of the primary factors affecting the marital adjustment as a secondary factor. In the suggestions section, it is indicated that studies should be done with scales measuring religiosity styles rather than religiosity levels, and by this means the potential negative effects of some styles of religiosity on marital adjustment can be revealed; because of different cultural acceptances there is a need to localize the adapted scales on marital adjustment or to develop original and indigenous scales that are compatible with and reflective of culture; longitudinal studies in marital adjustment will give healthier results; the findings of our study will be able to present data to experts who will work on the use of religious life in marriage and family therapies.

PDF

___

Abbott, D. A., Berry, M., & Meredith, W. H. (1990). Religious belief and practice: A potential asset in helping families. Family Relations, 39(4), 443-448.
Adams, J. M., & Jones, W. H. (1997). The conceptualization of marital commitment: An integrative analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 1177-1196.
Adams, M., & Coltrane, S. (2003). Housework. In J. J. Ponzetti, Jr. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of marriage and family (V. 2, pp. 835-839). New York: Macmillan Reference, USA.
Ahmadi, K., Azad-Marzabadi, E., & Ashrafi, S. M. N. (2008). The influence of religiosity on marital satisfaction. Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 103-110.
Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı. (2014). Türkiye aile yapısı araştırması TAYA 2011. Ankara: Yazar.
Albrecht, S. L. (1979). Correlates of marital happiness among the remarried. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41(4), 857-867.
Albrecht, S. L., & Kunz, P. R. (1980). The decision to divorce: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Divorce, 3(4), 319-337.
al-Hibri, A., & El Habti, R. M. (2006). Islam. In D. S. Browning, M. C. Green, & J. Witte Jr. (Eds.), Sex, marriage, & family in world religions (pp. 150-225). New York: Columbia University Press.
Allgood, S. M., Harris, S., Skogrand, L., & Lee, T. R. (2009). Marital commitment and religiosity in a religiously homogenous population. Marriage and Family Review, 45(1), 52-67.
Almas, G. (2010). Evlilikte uyum ve inanç gelişimi arasındaki ilişkiler. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sivas.
Alston, J. P., McIntosh, W. A., & Wright, L. M. (1976). Extent of interfaith marriages among White Americans. Sociological Analysis, 37(3), 261-264.
Amato, P. R., Johnson, D. R., Booth, A., & Rogers, S. J. (2003). Continuity and change in marital quality between 1980-2000. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(1), 1-22.
Anthony, M. J. (1993). The relationship between marital satisfaction and religious maturity. Religious Education, 88(1), 97-108.
Argyle, M. (2000). Psychology and religion: An introduction. London: Routledge.
Argyle, M., & Beit-Hallahmi, B. (1975). The social psychology of religion. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Arıkan, Ç. (1996). Halkın boşanmaya ilişkin tutumları araştırması. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık Aile Araştırma Kurumu Yayınları.
Arvas, F. B. (2017a). Dindarlığın evlilik doyumu üzerindeki etkileri ve değerlerin, dindarlık ve evlilik doyumu ilişkisi üzerindeki arabulucu rolü. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
Arvas, F. B. (2017b). Dindarlığın evlilik doyumu üzerindeki etkileri ve değerlerin, dindarlık ve evlilik doyumu ilişkisi üzerindeki arabulucu rolü. H. Hökelekli (Ed.), Din, değerler ve sağlık içinde (ss. 307-346). İstanbul: Değerler Eğitim Merkezi Yayınları.
Arvas, F. B. ve Hökelekli, H. (2017). Dindarlık ile evlilik doyumu ve evlilikte sorun çözme ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 15(34), 129-160.
Atalay, B., Kontaş, Y. M., Beyazıt, S., & Madenoğlu, K. (1992). Türk aile yapısı araştırması. Ankara: DPT Yayınları.
Atar, F. (2007). Nikâh. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi içinde (C. 33, ss. 112-117). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları.
Atçeken, M. (2014). Dindarlık, evlilik doyumu ve kişilik özelliklerinin bağışlama ile ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Haliç Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Atkins, D. C., Baucom, D. H., & Jacobson, N. S. (2001). Understanding infidelity: Correlates in a national random sample. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(4), 735-749.
Atkins, D. C., & Kessel, D. E. (2008). Religiousness and infidelity: Attendance, but not faith and prayer, predict marital fidelity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(2), 407-418.
Austin, J. L., & Falconier, M. K. (2013). Spirituality and common dyadic coping: Protective factors from psychological aggression in Latino immigrant couples. Journal of Family Issues, 34(3), 323-346.
Aytaç, S. (2001). Çift kariyerli eşler ve çalışma yaşamındaki yeri. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi. Babchuk, N., Crockett, H. J., & Ballweg, J. A. (1967). Change in religious affiliation and family stability. Social Forces, 45(4), 551-555.
Bahr, H. M. (1981). Religious intermarriage and divorce in Utah and the mountain states. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 20(3), 251-261.
Bahr, H. M., & Chadwick, B. A. (1985). Religion and family in Middletown, USA. Journal of Marriage and Family, 47(2), 407-414.
Beach, S. R. H., Hurt, T. R., Franklin, K. J., Fincham, F. D., McNair, L. M., & Stanley, S. M. (2011). Enhancing marital enrichment through spirituality: Efficacy data for prayer focused relationship enhancement. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(3), 201-216.
Beit-Hallahmi, B., & Argyle, M. (1997). The psychology of religious behaviour: Belief and experience. London: Routledge.
Berger, P. L. (2002). Sekülerizmin gerilemesi. A. Köse (Der.), Sekülerizm sorgulanıyor içinde (ss. 11-32). İstanbul: Ufuk Kitapları.
Berktay, F. (2000). Tek tanrılı dinler karşısında kadın. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
Booth, A., & Amato, P. R. (1994). Parental marital quality, parental divorce, and relations with parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(1), 21-34.
Booth, A., Johnson, D. R., Branaman, A., & Sica, A. (1995). Belief and behavior: Does religion matter in today’s marriage? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(3), 661-671.
Bracher, M., Santow, G., Morgan, S. P., & Trussell, J. (1993). Marriage dissolution in Australia: Models and explanations. Population Studies, 47(3), 403-425.
Brealt, K. E., & Kposowa, A. J. (1987). Explaining divorce in the US: A study of 3,111 counties, 1980. Journal of Marriage and Family, 49(3), 549-558.
Brimhall, A. S., & Butler, M. H. (2007). Intrinsic vs. extrinsic religious motivation and the marital relationship. American Journal of Family Therapy, 35(3), 235-249.
Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., Flor, D. (1996). Parental religiosity, family processes, and youth competence in rural, two-parent African American families. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 696-706.
Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., Flor, D., & McCrary, C. (1994). Religion’s role in organizing family relationships: Family process in rural, two-parent African American families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(4), 878-888.
Brown, E., Orbuch, T. L., & Bauermeister, J. A. (2008). Religiosity and marital stability among black American and white American couples. Family Relations, 57(2), 186-197.
Buhârî, Muhammed b. İsmâ‘îl (1993). Sahîhu’l-Buhârî I-VII (thk. Mustafâ Dîb el-Buğâ). Yemâme, Beyrut: Dâru İbn Kesîr.
Bumpass, L. L., Martin, T. C., & Sweet, J. A. (1991). The impact of family background and early marital factors on marital disruption. Journal of Family Issues, 12(1), 22-42.
Bumpass, L. L., & Sweet, J. A. (1972). Differentials in marital instability: 1970. American Sociological Review, 37(6), 754-766.
Burchinal, L. G. (1957). Marital satisfaction and religious behavior. American Sociological Review, 22(3), 306-310.
Burdette, A. M., Ellison, C. G., Sherkat, D. E., & Gore, K. A. (2007). Are there religious variations in marital infidelity? Journal of Family Issues, 28(12), 1553-1581.
Butler, M. H., Gardner, B. C., & Bird, M. H. (1998). Not just a time out: Change dynamics of prayer for religious couples in conflict situations. Family Process, 37(4), 451-75.
Butler, M. H., & Harper, J. M. (1994). The divine triangle: Deity in the marital system of religious couples. Family Process, 33(3), 277-286.
Butler, M. H., Stout, J. A., & Gardner, B. C. (2002). Prayer as a conflict resolution ritual: Clinical implications of religious couples’ report of relationship softening, healing perspective, and change responsibility. American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(1), 19-37.
Call, V. R. A., & Heaton, T. B. (1997). Religious influence on marital stability. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(3), 382-392.
Chamberlain, T. J., & Hall, C. A. (2000). Realized religion: Research on the relationship between religion and health. Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.
Charles, K. K., & Stephens, M. (2004). Job displacement, disability, and divorce. Journal of Labor Economics, 22(2), 489-522.
Chi, S. K., & Houseknecht, S. K. (1985). Protestant fundamentalism and marital success: A comparative approach. Sociology and Social Research, 69(3), 351-373.
Chinitz, J. G., & Brown, R. A. (2001). Religious homogamy, marital conflict, and stability in same-faith and interfaith Jewish marriages. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(4), 723-733.
Christensen, H. T., & Barber, K. E. (1967). Interfaith versus intrafaith marriage in Indiana. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 29(3), 461-469.
Cirhinlioğlu, F. G. (2010). Din psikolojisi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Clamar, A. (1991). Interfaith marriage: Defining the issues, treating the problems. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 9(2), 79-83.
Clydesdale, T. T. (1997). Family behaviors among early U.S. baby boomers: Exploring the effects of religion and income change, 1965-1982. Social Forces, 76(2), 605-635.
Coltrane, S., & Ishii-Kuntz, M. (1992). Men’s housework: A life course perspective. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(1), 43-57.
Craddock, A. (1980). Marital problem-solving as a function of couples’ marital power expectations and marital value systems. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42(1), 185-196.
Craddock, A. (1991). Relationships between attitudinal similarity, couple structure, and couple satisfaction within married and de facto couples. Australian Journal of Psychology, 43(1), 11-16.
Crockett, H. J., Babchuk, N., & Ballweg, J. A. (1969). Change in religious affiliation and family stability: A second study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 31(3), 464-468.
Curtis, K. T., & Ellison, C. (2002). Religious heterogamy and marital conflict: Findings from the national survey of families and households. Journal of Family Issues, 23(4), 551-576.
Çelik, C. (2000). Değişim sürecinde Türk aile yapısı ve din: Paradigmatik anlam ve işlev farklılaşması. Dergi Karadeniz, 8, 25-35.
David, P., & Stafford, L. (2015). A relational approach to religion and spirituality in marriage: The role of couples’ religious communication in marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Issues, 36(2), 232-249.
Davis, K. A., & Epkins, C. C. (2009). Do private religious practices moderate the relation between family conflict and preadolescents’ depression and anxiety symptoms? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(5), 693-717.
Day, R. D., & Acock, A. (2013). Marital well-being and religiousness as mediated by relational virtue and equality. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(1), 164-177.
DeMaris, A., Mahoney, A., & Pargament, K. I. (2010). Sanctification of marriage and general religiousness as buffers of the effects of marital inequity. Journal of Family Issues, 31(10), 1255-1278.
Dollahite, D. C., Hawkins, A. J., & Parr, M. R. (2012). “Something more”: The meanings of marriage for religious couples in America. Marriage & Family Review, 48(4), 339-362.
Dollahite, D. C., & Lambert, N. M. (2007). Forsaking all others: How religious involvement promotes marital fidelity in Christian, Jewish, and Muslim couples. Review of Religious Research, 48(3), 290-307.
Dollahite, D. C., & Marks, L. D. (2009). A conceptual model of family and religious processes in a diverse, national sample of highly religious families. Review of Religious Research, 50(4), 373-391.
Dollahite, D. C., Marks, L. D., & Goodman, M. A. (2004). Families and religious beliefs, practices, and communities: Linkages in a diverse and dynamic cultural context. In M. Coleman & L. H. Ganong (Eds.), The handbook of contemporary families: Considering the past, contemplating the future (pp. 411-431). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dudley, M. G., & Kosinski, F. A. (1990). Religiosity and marital satisfaction: A research note. Review of Religious Research, 32(1), 78–86.
D’Antonio, W. V., Newman, W. M., & Wright, S. A. (1982). Religion and family life: How social scientists view the relationship. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 21(3), 218-225.
Edmonds, V. H. (1967). Marital conventionalization: Definiton and measurement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 29(4), 681-688.
Ellingson, J. E., Smith, D. B., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). Investigating the influence of social desirability on personality factor structure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 122-133.
Ellison, C. G., & Anderson, K. L. (2001). Religious involvement and domestic violence among U.S. couples. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(2), 269-286.
Ellison, C. G., Bartkowski, J. P., & Anderson, K. L. (1999). Are there religious variations in domestic violence? Journal of Family Issues, 20(1), 87-113.
Ellison, C. G., Burdette, A. M., & Wilcox, W. B. (2010). The couple that prays together: Race and ethnicity, religion, and relationship quality among working-age adults. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(4), 963-975.
Ellison, C. G., Henderson, A. K., Glenn, N. D., & Harkrider, K. E. (2011). Sanctification, stress and marital quality. Family Relations, 60(4), 404-420.
Fard, M. K., Shahabi, R., & Zardkhaneh, S. A. (2013). Religiosity and marital satisfaction. Procedia-Social and Bevaioral Sciences, 82, 307-311.
Fenell, D. (1993). Characteristics of long-term marriages. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 15(4), 446-460.
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Kershaw, K. L., & Shannon, F. T. (1986). Factors associated with reports of wive assault in New Zealand. Journal of Marriage and Family, 48(2), 407-412.
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Shannon, F. T. (1984). A proportional hazards model of family breakdown. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46(3), 539-549.
Fışıloğlu, H. & Demir, A. (2000). Applicability of the dyadic adjustment scale for measurement scale for measurement of marital quality with Turkish couples. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16(3), 214-218.
Fiese, B. H., & Tomcho, T. J. (2001). Finding meaning in religious practices: The relation between religious holiday rituals and marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(4), 597-609.
Filsinger, F., & Wilson, M. (1984). Religiosity, socioeconomic rewards, and family development: Predictors of marital adjustment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46(3), 663-670.
Fincham, F. D., Ajayi, C., & Beach, S. R. H. (2011). Spirituality and marital satisfaction in African American couples. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(4), 259-268.
Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R. H. (2010). Marriage in the new millennium: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 630-649.
Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R. H., Lambert, N., Stillman, T., & Braithwaite, S. (2008) Spiritual behaviors and relationship satisfaction: A critical analysis of the role of prayer. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(4), 362-388.
Fincham, F. D., Stanley, S., & Beach, S. R. H. (2007). Transformative processes in marriage: An analysis of emerging trends. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(2), 275-292.
Fine, C. (2011). Toplumsal cinsiyet yanılsaması (K. Tanrıyar, Çev.). İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
Geçioğlu, A. R. (2018). Evlilik uyumu-dindarlık ilişkisi: Adana örneği. Doktora tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
Giblin, P. R. (1997). Marital spirituality: A quantitative study. Journal of Religion and Health, 36(4), 321-332.
Giddens, A., & Pierson, C. (2001). Modernliği anlamlandırmak (S. Uyurkulak & M. Sağlam, Çev.). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
Gleckman, A. D., & Streicher, P. J. (1990). The potential for difficulties with Jewish intermarriage: Interventions and implications for the mental health counselor. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 12(4), 480-494.
Glenn, N. D. (1982). Interreligious marriages in the United States: Patterns and recent trends. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 44(3), 555-566.
Glenn, N. D., & Supancic, M. (1984). The social and demographic correlates of divorce and separation in the United States: An update and reconsideration. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46(3), 563-575.
Goodman, M. A., & Dollahite, D. C. (2006). How religious couples perceive the influence of god in their marriage. Review of Religious Research, 48(2), 141-155.
Goodman, M. A., Dollahite, D. C., Marks, L. D., & Layton, E. (2013). Religious faith and transformational processes in marriage. Family Relations, 62(5), 808-823.
Gruner, L. (1985). The correlation of private, religious devotional practices and marital adjustment. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 16(1), 47-59.
Günay, Ü. (2003). Din sosyolojisi. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
Hall, C. M. (1996). Identity, religion and values: Implications for practitioners. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Hansen, G. L. (1981). Marital adjustment and conventionalization: A reexamination. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43(4), 855-863.
Hansen, G. L. (1992). Religion and marital adjustment. In R. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and mental health (pp. 189-198). New York: Oxford University Press.
Hansen, G. L., & Gage, B. (1990, November). Fundamentalism and marital interaction. Presented at the National Council on Family Relations annual meetings, Seattle, WA.
Hatch, R. C., James, D. E., & Schum, W. R. (1986). Spiritual intimacy and marital satisfaction. Family Relations, 35(4), 539-545.
Heaton, T. B. (1984). Religious homogamy and marital satisfaction reconsidered. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46(3), 729-733.
Heaton, T. B. (2002). Factors contributing to increasing marital stability in the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 23(3), 392-409.
Heaton, T. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Martin, T. K. (1985). The timing of divorce. Journal of Marriage and Family, 47(3), 631-639.
Heaton, T. B., & Call, V. R. A. (1997). Modeling family dynamics with event history techniques. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(4), 1078-1090.
Heaton, T. B., & Goodman, K. L. (1985). Religion and family formation. Review of Religious Research, 26(4), 343-359.
Heaton, T. B., & Pratt, E. L. (1990). The effects of religious homogamy on marital satisfaction and stability. Journal of Family Issues, 11(2), 191-207.
Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L. A. (1998). Premarital predictors of relationship outcomes: A 15-year follow-up of the Boston Couples Study. In T. N. Bradbury, The developmental course of marital dysfunction (pp. 238-278). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holland, K. J., Lee, J. W., Marshak, H. H., & Martin, L. R. (2016). Spiritual intimacy, marital intimacy, and physical/psychological well-being: Spiritual meaning as a mediator. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(3), 218-227.
Horton, A. L., Wilkins, M. M., & Wright, W. (1988). Women who ended abuse: What religious leaders and religion did for these victims. In A. L. Horton & J. A. Williamson (Eds.), Abuse and religion: When praying isn’t enough (pp. 235-246). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Hughes, P. C., & Dickson, F. C. (2005). Communication, marital satisfaction, and religious orientation in interfaith marriages. Journal of Family Communication, 5(1), 25-41.
Hunt, R. A., & King, M. B. (1978). Religiosity and marriage. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 17(4), 399-406.
Hünler, O. S. (2002). The effects of religiousness on marital satisfaction and the mediator role of perceived marital problem solving abilities between religiousness and marital satisfaction relationship. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Hünler, O. S. ve Gençöz, T. (2005). The effect of religiousness on marital satisfaction: Testing the mediator role of marital problem solving between religiousness and marital satisfaction relationship. Contemporary Family Therapy, 27(1), 123-136.
İmamoğlu, E. O. (1991). Aile içinde kadın-erkek rolleri. Türk Aile Ansiklopedisi içinde (C. III, ss. 832-835), Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık Aile Araştırma Kurumu Yayınları.
Judd, E. (1990). Intermarriage and the maintenance of religio-ethnic identity: A case study: The Denver Jewish community. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 21(2), 251-268.
Kaslow, F., & Robison, J. A. (1996). Long-term satisfying marriages: Perceptions of contributing factors. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 24(2), 153-170.
Kayıklık, H. (2003). Orta yaş ve yaşlılıkta dinsel eğilimler. Adana: Baki Kitabevi.
Kimball, L. S., & Knudson-Martin, C. (2002). A cultural trinity: Spirituality, religion, and gender in clinical practice. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 13(1-2), 145-166.
Kirman, M. A. (2005). Din ve sekülerleşme: Üniversite gençliği üzerine sosyolojik bir araştırma. Adana: Karahan Kitabevi.
Kraft, K., & Neimann, S. (2009). Impact of educational and religious homogamy on marital stability. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 4491.
Krishnan, V. (1998). Premarital cohabitation and marital disruption. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 28(3-4), 157-170.
Kunz, P. R., & Albrecht, S. L. (1977). Religion, marital happiness, and divorce. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 7(2), 227-232.
Kümbetoğlu, B. (2005). Geleneksel cins/cinsiyet sistemlerinden, toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve ilişkilerine. B. Kümbetoğlu & H. B. Gedik (Ed.), Gelenekten geleceğe antropoloji içinde (ss. 255-273). İstanbul: Epsilon Yayıncılık.
Lambert, N. M., & Dollahite, D. C. (2006). How religiosity helps couples prevent, resolve, and overcome marital conflict? Family Relations, 55(4), 439-449.
Lambert, N. M., & Dollahite, D. C. (2008). The threefold cord: Marital commitment in religious couples. Journal of Family Issues, 29(5), 592-614.
Landis, J. T. (1949). Marriages of mixed and non-mixed religious faith. Sociological Review, 14(3), 401-407.
Larson, L. E., & Goltz, J. W. (1989). Religious participation and marital commitment. Review of Religious Research, 30(4), 387-400.
Lazerwitz, B. (1981). Jewish-Christian marriages and conversions. Jewish Social Studies, 43(1), 31-46.
Lehrer, E. L., & Chiswick, C. U. (1993). Religion as a determinant of marital stability. Demography, 30(3), 385-404.
Lichter, D., & Carmalt, J. (2009). Religion and marital quality among low-income couples. Social Science Research, 38(1), 168-187.
Lopez, J. L., Riggs, S. A., Pollard, S. E., & Hook, J. N. (2011). Religious commitment, adult attachment, and marital adjustment in newly married couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(2), 301-309.
Lu, Y., Marks, L., & Baumgartner, J. (2011). “The compass of our life”: A qualitative study of marriage and faith among Chinese immigrants. Marriage & Family Review, 47(3), 125-148.
Lucero, S. M., Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A., & DeMaris, A. (2013). Links between religious and spiritual coping and adjustment among fathers and mothers during first pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 31(3), 309-322.
Mahoney, A. (2010). Religion in families, 1999-2009: A relational spirituality framework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(4), 805-827.
Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., Jewell, T., Swank, A. B., Scott, E., Emery, E., & Rye, M. (1999). Marriage and the spiritual realm: The role of proximal and distal religious constructs in marital functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 13(3), 1-18.
Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., Murray-Swank, A., & Murray-Swank, N. (2003). Religion and the sanctification of family relationships. Review of Religious Research, 44(3), 220-236.
Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., Tarakeshwar, N., & Swank, A. (2001). Religion in the home in the 1980s and 1990s: A meta-analytic review and conceptual analysis of links between religion, marriage, and parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(4), 559-597.
Maneker, J. S., & Rankin, R. P. (1993). Religious homogamy and marital duration among those who file for divorce in California, 1966-1971. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 19(1-2), 233-247.
Marks, L. (2005). How does religion influence marriage? Christian, Jewish, Mormon, and Muslim perspectives. Marriage and Family Review, 38(1), 85-111.
Marks, L. D., Dollahite, D. C., & Freeman, J. J. (2011). Faith in family life. In T. W. Draper, A. J. Hawkins, & D. C. Dollahite (Eds.), Strengthening our families (2nd ed.), (pp. 185-195). Provo, UT: BYU.
Marsh, R., & Dallos, R. (2000). Religious beliefs and practices and Catholic couples’ management of anger and conflict. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7(1), 22-36.
Marsh, R., & Dallos, R. (2001). Roman Catholic couples: Wrath and religion. Family Process, 40(3), 343-360.
Mayer, E., & Sheingold, C. (1979). Intermarriage and the Jewish future: A national study in summary. New York: American Jewish Committee.
McIntosh, D. N., Silver, R C., & Wortman, C. B. (1993). Religion’s role in adjustment to a negative life event: Coping with the loss of a child. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 812-821.
Müslim, Ebü’l-Huseyn Müslim b. el-Haccâc el-Kuşeyrî (1991). Sahîhu Müslim I-V (nşr. Muhammed Fuâd Abdülbâkî). Kahire: Dâru İhyâi’l-Kütübi’l-Arabiyye.
Myers, S. M. (2006). Religious homogamy and marital quality: Historical and generational patterns. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 68(2), 292-304.
Nye, F. I., White, L., & Frideres, J. S. (1973). A preliminary theory of marital stability: Two models. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 3(1), 102–122.
Okutan, N. ve Büyükşahin-Sunal, A. (2010). Romantik ilişkilerde bağlanım: Dindarlık algısı ve romantik ilişkilerle ilgili kalıpyargılar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 13(26), 80-88.
Orathinkal, J., & Vansteenwegen, A. (2006). Religiosity and marital satisfaction.Contemporary Family Therapy, 28(4), 497-504.
Ortega, S. T., Whitt, H. P., & Williams, J. A. (1988). Religious homogamy and marital happiness. Journal of Family Issues 9(2), 224-239.
Öztürk, M. (2012). Cahiliyeden İslamiyet’e kadın. Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice: New York: Guilford.
Pearce, L. D., & Axinn, W. G. (1998). The impact of family religious life on the quality of mother-child relations. American Sociological Review, 63(6), 810-828.
Peterson, R. R., & Gerson, K. (1992). Determinants of responsibility for child care arrangements among dual-earner couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(3), 527-536.
Petts, R. J., & Knoester, C. (2007). Parents’ religious heterogamy and children’s well-being. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46(3), 373-389.
Pollard, S. E., Riggs, S. A., & Hook, J. N. (2014). Mutual influences in adult romantic attachment, religious coping, and marital adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(5), 615-624.
Rauer, A., & Volling, B. (2015). The role of relational spirituality in happily-married couples’ observed problem-solving. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(3), 239-249.
Robinson, L. C. (1994). Religious orientation in enduring marriage: An exploratory study. Review of Religious Research, 35(3), 207-218.
Robinson, L.C., & Blanton, P. W. (1993). Marital strengths in enduring marriages. Family Relations, 42(1), 38-45.
Roth, P. (1988). Spiritual well-being and marital adjustment. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 16(2), 153-158.
Rougemont, D. D. (2005). Çağdaş çiftin içinde bulunduğu bunalım. A. Krich (Der.), Aşkın anatomisi içinde, (M. Harmancı, Çev.) (ss. 79-90). İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
Scanzoni, J., & Arnett, C. (1987). Enlarging the understanding of marital commitment via religious devoutness, gender role preferences, and locus of marital control. Journal of Family Issues, 8(1), 136-156.
Schramm, D. G., Marshall, J. P., Harris, V. W., & Lee, T. R. (2012). Religiosity, homogamy, and marital adjustment: An examination of newlyweds in first marriages and remarriages. Journal of Family Issues, 33(2), 246-268.
Schumm, W. R. (1985). Beyond relationship characteristics of strong families: Constructing a model of family strengths. Family Perspective, 19(2), 1-9.
Schumm, W. R., Bollman, S. R., & Jurich, A. P. (1982). Marital conventionalization argument: Implication for study of religiosity and marital satisfaction. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 10(3), 236-241.
Schumm, W. R., Obiorah, F. C, & Silliman, B. (1989). Marital quality as a function of conservative religious identification in a sample of Protestant and Catholic wives from the midwest. Psychological Reports, 64(1), 124-126.
Shehan, C. L., Bock, E. W., & Lee, G. R. (1990). Religious heterogamy, religiosity and marital happiness: The case of Catholics. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(1), 73-79. Sherkat, D. E., & Ellison, C. G. (1999). Recent developments and current controversies in the sociology of religion. Annual Review of Sociology, 25(1), 363-94.
Shrum, W. (1980). Religion and marital instability: Change in the 1970’s. Review of Religious Research, 21(2), 135-147.
Skinner, D., Bailey, D. B., Correa, V., & Rodriguez, P. (1999). Narrating self and disability: Latino mothers’ construction of identities vis-à-vis their child with special needs. Exceptional Children, 65(4), 481-495.
Snow, T. S., & Compton, W. C. (1996). Marital satisfaction and communication in fundamentalist protestant marriages. Psychological Reports, 78(3), 979-985.
Sousa, L. A. (1995). Interfaith marriage and the individual and family life cycle. Family Therapy, 22(2), 97-104.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38(1), 15-28.
Spilka, B., Hood, R. W., Hunsberger, B., & Gorsuch, R. L. (2003). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Spilka, B., Zwartjes, W. J., & Zwartjes, G. M. (1991). The role of religion in coping with childhood cancer. Pastoral Psychology 39(5), 295-304.
Stacey, J. (1990). Brave new families: Stories of domestic upheaval in late-twentieth-centur America. New York: Basic Books.
Stafford, L., David, P., & McPherson, S. (2014). Sanctity of marriage and marital quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(1), 54-70.
Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (1992). Assessing commitment in personal relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54(3), 595-608.
Sullivan, K. T. (2001). Understanding the relationship between religiosity and marriage: An investigation of the immediate and longitudinal effects of religiosity on newlywed couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(4), 610-626.
Şirin, T. (2018). Evli çiftlerin evlilik uyumları ile dini tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies, 13(3), 691-722.
Şirin, T. (2018). Evli çiftlerin spiritüel iyi oluşları ile evlilik doyumları arasındaki ilişki. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 23(77), 389-410.
Tarakeshwar, N., & Pargament, K. I. (2001). Use of religious coping in families of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 16(4), 247-260.
Teachman, J. D. (1982). Methodological issues in the analysis of family formation and dissolution. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 44(4), 1037-1053.
Tekin, M. (2011). Dinlerin perspektifinden aile kurumu. K. Canatan & E. Yıldırım (Ed.), Aile sosyolojisi içinde (s. 235-262). İstanbul: Açılımkitap.
Thomas, D. L., & Cornwall, M. (1990). Religion and family in the 1980s: Discovery and development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 52(4), 983-992.
Thornton, A. (1985). Reciprocal influences of family and religion in a changing world. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47(2), 381-394.
Tremblay, J., Sabourin, S., Lessard, J. M., & Normandin, L. (2002). The predictive value of self-other differentiation and religious coping strategies in the study of marital satisfaction. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 34(1), 19-27.
Ürkmez, E. (2005). Dini inanç, tutum ve davranışların eşler arası iletişime etkisi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
Vaaler, M. L., Ellison, C. G., & Powers, D. A. (2009). Religious influences on the risk of marital dissolution. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(4), 917-934.
Wallin, P. (1957). Religiosity, sexual gratification, and marital satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 22(3), 300-305.
Wallin, P., & Clark, A. L. (1964). Religiosity, sexual gratification, and marital satisfaction in the middle years of marriage. Social Forces, 42(3), 303-309.
Weiss, Y., & Willis, R. J. (1997). Match quality, new information, and marital dissolution. Journal of Labor Economics, 15(1), 293-329.
White, L. K. (1990). Determinants of divorce: A review of research in the eighties. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(4), 904-912.
White, L. K., & Booth, A. (1991). Divorce over the life course: The role of marital happiness. Journal of Family Issues, 12(1), 5-21.
Wilcox, W. B., & Wolfinger, N. H. (2008). Living and loving ‘‘decent’’: Religion and relationship quality among urban parents. Social Science Research, 37(3), 828-843.
Willits, F. K., & Crider, D. M. (1988). Religion and well-being: Men and women in the middle years. Review of Religious Research, 29(3), 281-294.
Wilson, J., & Musick, M. (1996). Religion and marital dependency. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 35(1), 30-41.
Wilson, M. R., & Filsinger, E. E. (1986). Religiosity and marital adjustment: Multidimensional interrelationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48(1), 147-151.
Wineberg, H. (1994). Marital reconciliation in the United States: Which couples are successful? Journal of Marriage and Family, 56(1), 80-88.
Wittberg, P. (1999). Families and religions. In M. B. Sussman, S. K. Steinmetz, & G. W. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 503-523). New York: Plenum Press.
Witter, R. A., Stock, W. A., Okun, M. A., & Haring, M. J. (1985). Religion and subjective well-being in adulthood: A quantitative synthesis. Review of Religious Research, 26(4), 332-342.
Wolfinger, N. H., & Wilcox, W. B. (2008). Happily ever after? Religion, marital status, gender, and relationship quality in urban families. Social Forces, 86(3), 1311-1337.
Woods, L. N., & Emery, R. E. (2002). The cohabitation effects on divorce: Causation or selection? Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 37(3-4), 101-119.
Yapıcı, A. (2013). Kimlik, bilinç ve toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında din ve kadın. Adana: Karahan Kitabevi.
Yapıcı, A. (2018). Eşlerin dinsel algı ve yaşayışına göre evlilikte dindarlık ve maneviyat huzur mu, kusur mu? Turkish Studies, 13(2), 79-106.
Yoshimoto, S. M., Ghorbani, S., Baer, J. M., Cheng, K. W., Banthia, R., Malcarne, V. L., Sadler, G. R., Ko, C. M., Greenbergs, H. L., & Varni J. W. (2006). Religious coping and problem-solving by couples faced with prostate cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care, 15(5), 481-488.