Nihal KAYAN, İmren KUTLU, Nazife AYTER, Sait ADAK

Comparisons Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Chickpea under Different Tillage Systems and Soil Residual Nitrogen

This research was conducted with two years (2012/2013-2014/2015) period at research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey. Main plots were composed to conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT). Wheat-wheat (WW); wheat-fallow (WF); wheat-chickpea (WC) crop rotations were placed in sub plots, and four nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1) were evaluated as sub-sub plots. All of the traits except for grain yield were significantly affected by years. The reason for differences between years may be ecological conditions, cultural practices and soil conditions. Plant protein ratio, plant N ratio and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) were higher RT than CT but nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) were higher CT than RT. Increasing nitrogen doses were not affected the plant protein ratio and plant N ratio as expected. The reason of this, the nitrogen doses were applied to the pre-plant instead of chickpea and the nitrogen might be lost by washing in the long period. NUE and NUpE decreased by increasing nitrogen doses but NUtE increased.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

nitrogen doses, nitrogen use efficiency, tillage

Design and Testing of a Laboratory Scale Deflection Apparatus

Agricultural structures play an important role in the quality and quantity of products that are either produced or stored within a structure. Main characteristic of an agricultural structure is that it is generally smaller and lighter than other industrial structures. Hence, they require smaller scale and capacity laboratory equipment when conducting studies on structural behaviors of such structures. In this study, a deflection apparatus was designed and tested to determine if it is suitable for use in greenhouse mechanics studies. Design procedures, materials used in the design and performance of the system was discussed. Theoretically calculated deflections were compared to measured deflections that were obtained using the developed system. The results showed that calculated and measured deflections yielded stronger relationship with an R2 value of 0.99. It should also be noticed that the cost of the system (TL 5480 TL, $ 1000) makes it ideal for related studies.

Keywords:

Agricultural Structures, Greenhouses Strength of Materials, Deflection, Beams,

PDF

___

Abad, A., Lloveras, J., Michelena, A., Ferran, J., Royo, C., Nachit, M.M., Fonzo, N. and Araus, J.L. 2000. Nitrogen fertilization effects on yield and quality of durum wheat in the Ebro Valley (Spain). Durum wheat improvement in the Mediterranean region: new challenges, Proceedings of a seminar, 12-14 April, Zaragoza, Spain.
Aksakal, E.L. 2004. Toprak sıkışması ve tarımsal açıdan önemi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 35 (3-4): 247-252.
Anonymous. 2015. Eskişehir Ziraat Odası Toprak Yaprak Analiz Laboratuarı.
Başkan, O. and Ünver, İ. 2000. Ankara koşullarında toprak profili derinliğinin nadas etkinliği üzerine etkisi. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Forestry, 24: 721-727.
Brennan, J.R., Hackett, T., McCabe, J., Grant, R.A., Fortune, P.D. and Forristal, B. 2014. The effect of tillage system and residue management on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat in a cool atlantic climate. European Journal of Agronomy, 54: 61– 69.
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. 1982. Nitrogen-total. (Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, (ed.) Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R., 595–624.
El Bassam, N. 1998. A concept of selection for 'low input' wheat varieties. Euphytica 100: 95-100.
Gençtan, T. 2006. Tarla Tarımı. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Genel Yayın No: 21, Ders Kitabı No: 11, Tekirdağ, 386 s.
Gourley, C.J.P., Ailen, D.L. and Russelle, M.P. 1993. Defining phosphorus efficiency in plants. Plant Soil, 155/156: 289-292.
Gül, M.K., Cem, Ö.E., Kahraman, F. and Turhan, H. 2007. Çanakkale şartlarında yaz ve kış dönemlerinde bazı nohut hatlarında protein değerindeki değişiklikler.7. Tarla Bitkileri Kongesi, 25-27 Haziran, Erzurum.
Kamara, A.Y., Menkir, A. and Sanginga, N. 2003. Nitrogen use efficiency of maize genotypes improved for tolerance to low nitrogen and drought stress. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigaria.
Kapluhan, E. 2013. Türkiye’de kuraklık ve kuraklığın tarıma etkisi. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 27: 487-510.
Kara, B. 2006. Çukurova koşullarında değişik bitki sıklıkları ve farklı azot dozlarında mısırın verim ve verim özellikleri ile azot alım ve kullanım etkinliğinin belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarla Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, 162 s.
Karaşahin, M. 2014. Bitkisel üretimde azot alım etkinliği ve reaktif azotun çevre üzerine olumsuz etkileri. Akademik Platform Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (3): 15-21.
Kün, E., Altay, F., Kalaycı, M., Adak, M.S., Tusuz, A., Acıkgoz, N., Tugay, M.E., Sencar, O., Meyveci, K., Tan, A., Kurt, O. and Karagoz, A. 1990. Türkiye'de nadas alanlarının daraltılması ve ikinci ürün çalışmaları. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası 3. Teknik Kongresi, 8-12 Ocak, Ankara.
Lopez-Bellido, R.J. and Lopez-Bellido, L. 2001. Efficiency of nitrogen in wheat under Mediterranean conditions: Effect of tillage, crop rotation and N fertilization. Field Crops Research, 71: 31-46.
Lopez-Bellido, R.J., Lopez-Bellido, L., Castillo, J.E. and Lopez-Bellido, F.J. 2004. Chickpea response to tillage and soil residual nitrogen in a continuous rotation with wheat II. soil nitrate, n uptake and influence on wheat yield. Field Crops Research, 88: 201-210.
Maral, H. 2009. Yulaf çeşitlerinin azotlu gübrelemeye tane verimi, azot kullanımı ve verim özellikleri yönünden tepkisi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarla Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 61sy.
Moll, R.H., Kamprath, E.J. and Jackson, W.A. 1982. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal, 74: 562-564.
Muchow, R.C. 1994. Effect of nitrogen on yield determination in irrigated maize in tropical and subtropical environments. Field Crops Research, 38(1): 1-13.
Muchow, R.C. 1998. Effect of nitrogen supply on comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a semi arid tropicall enviroment, III. grain yield and nitrogen accumulation. Field Crops Resaarch, 18: 31-43.
Ortiz-Monasterio, J.I., Sayre, K.D., Rajaram, S. and McMahon, M. 1997. Genetic progress in wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency under four nitrogen rates. Crop Science, 37: 898-904.
Ottman, M.J., Doerge, T.A. and Martin, E.C. 2000. Durum grain quality as affected by nitrogen fertilization near anthesis and irrigation during grain fills. Agronomy Journal, 92(5): 1035-1041.
Öner, N., Erşahin, S., Ayan, S. and Özel, H.B. 2016. İç Anadolu’da yarı kurak alanların rehabilitasyonu. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1-2):32-44
Öztürk, F. 2014. Farklı toprak işleme yöntemlerinin toprak yüzeyindeki anız miktarına etkisinin samplepoint ve doğru hat yöntemleri ile belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyosistem Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 63sy.
Sowers, K.E., Pan, W.L., Miller, B.C. and Simith, J.L. 1994. Nitrogen use efficiency split nitrogen applications in soft white winter wheat. Agronomy Journal 86 (6): 942-948.
Sümer, F.O., Erekul, O. and Koca, Y.O. 2010. Farklı buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) çeşitlerinde bitki sıklığı ve azot dozlarının verim, verim öğeleri ve ekmeklik kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 20 (2): 28-44
Uzun, A., Özçelik, H. and Yılmaz, S. 2012. Seçilmiş bazı nohut (Cicer arietinum L. ) hatlarının agronomik ve kalite özellikleri bakımından değerlendirilmesi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 1 (1): 29-36.
William, J.E. and Randall, G.W. 1997. Rate of fertilizer nitrogen an affected by time and rate of application on corn. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61: 1695-1703.