Our surveys in Cilicia aim to investigate the ancient sites and estates in the region and document archaeological remains, which will be used to create a site distribution map that will cover 1200 years roughly between 6th century BC and 6th century AD. One of our primary objectives is to map the new settlements found and introduce them to the academic circles. The most remarkable result of the surveys in Çukurova is the scarcity of the finds dated to 3rd and 2nd millennium BC as well as the relative absence of Hellenistic settlements contrary to Rough Cilicia. The most splendid of the Hellenistic remains in the region is the Karasis fortress, which was discovered by the author in 1994, thanks to the information given by the village headman of Gedikli. The fortress is situated at the mount Karasis 12 kilometres to the south of Kozan and includes well-preserved military barracks and quarters surrounded by double walls. The site consists of an upper and a lower fortress, which were adapted successfully to the topography of the mount. At the eastern part of the fortress are the adjacent barracks between the towers, which were built at 10 metre intervals. The towers housed shell-throwing wooden catapults, which were used in the defense of the fortress. One of the main functions of the fortifications at Karasis might have been to prevent the Galatians descending into Syria. Antiokhos I, the son of Seleukos, won a decisive victory over the Galatians in the “Elephant War” dated somewhere between 275-268 BC. Lukianos of Samosata reports that the king associated his success with the presence of 16 Indian elephants in his army and in order to commemorate their valuable contribution had an elephant monument erected, showing them as the saviours of the kingdom. The ancient name of the site remains unknown due to the absence of inscriptions at and around the fortress. Although a mountain fortress named Kyinda in the region is mentioned by Diodorus, Plutarch and Strabo, their accounts are not convincing enough to support the equation of Karasis with it. A text from the Assyrian palace archives is important in this respect, since it mentions that the great king punished the kings of Kundi and Sissu, which suggests that the two regions are neighbours. If we are to accept that the latter can be associated with Sis, the name of Kozan at the outset of the 20th century, then it would be possible to equate Kundi with Kyinda. At Uzunoğlan hill, located 14 kilometres to the northeast of Kozan, we have discovered four columns 1 metre in diameter with 2-metre intervals given in between, which suggests the existence of a temple. The terrace on which the columns rise is surrounded by walls to the west and north. The southern part is supported by a Late Roman-Early Byzantine wall. On the slopes of the terrace, we have discovered a voluted column capital and a metope fragment. An inscribed altar dated to 194 BC indicates the existence of a cult of the lightning god Zeus Keraunios, and the temple must have been dedicated to him. At the same spot, carved on a rock is a relief figure of an Assyrian king, which proves the Assyrian control in the region. The figure is associated with Salmasanassar III or Sargon on stylistic grounds and this suggests a date between 840 and 700 BC. Our work in Kozan mostly focused on the ancient city of Anazarbos (modern Anavarza), which partly lies beneath the Dilekkaya village. It must have been taken its name from the rocky massif, which rises like an island on the plain. It is 4.5 km in length and 226 m above the sea level. To judge from the coins, there must have been a settlement in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC here, but sound evidence for this period of the city is yet to be discovered. After Augustus’ visit to the city in 19 BC, it took the name Caesareia by Anazarbos and henceforth a new calendar starting with this event was accepted. In the same year, the city was given to Tarkondimotos II, the son of Tarkondimotos. But, after Tarkondimotos Philopator’s death in AD 17, Roman general Germanicus annexed the region to the province of Syria. In AD 72, Cilicia was created province by Vespasian and entered under the direct control of the Roman Empire; Anarzarbos was attached to the provincial governor in Tarsus.