Post-hegemonyacı dünya düzeni altında Çin’in Avrasya bölgeciliği

Çin’in dış siyasetinde 2000’li yıllarda artan çok taraflılık ve bölgecilik vurgusu dünya siyasetinin çok kutuplulaşmasına nasıl etki etmektedir? Çin inisiyatifindeki çok kutuplulaşma sürecinin başlıca lokomotifi Şangay İşbirliği Örgütü (ŞİÖ) nasıl bir normatif ve kurumsal temel üzerine inşa edilmiştir? Post-hegemonya, birbiriyle iç içe geçen ve birçok uluslararası proje üzerinden, tutarlı bir sistem alternatifi önerilmeksizin ABD hegemonyasının sorgulandığı bir dünya düzenini betimlemektedir. Çin’in bölgecilik siyasetinin post-hegemonyacı dünya düzenine katkısı dört farklı cephede (kültür, ekonomi, finansal iş birliği ve bölgesel savunma) yoğunlaşmaktadır. Ancak, ŞİÖ tarafından temsil edilen Avrasya’da belirleyici gündem uluslararası güvenliktir. ŞİÖ, en başta Çin’in katkısıyla güçlü bir normatif çerçeve üzerinden meşruiyetini savunmaktadır ve iç kaynaklı (endogenous) bir kültür, eğitim ve savunma altyapısı kurmayı amaç edinmiştir. ABD denetimindeki uluslararası örgütlerden bağımsız ekonomik, finansal ve altyapısal kalkınma amaçları öne çıkarılmıştır. Ne var ki, uzun vadede bütün bunların başarılı bir şekilde uygulamaya geçirilmesinin önünde ciddi engeller vardır. Avrasya’nın güvenlik merkezli gündemi, ABD hegemonyasına tutarlı bir şekilde karşı çıkabilmek adına neoliberalizme alternatif bir ekonomik kalkınma vizyonu oluşturma gereğini gözardı etmektedir. Ayrıca, Çin’in bölgecilik girişimleri, milli egemenlik ve ulus üstü bölgecilik arasındaki gerilimleri ele almakta zorlanmıştır. Bu alanlarda, bölgeci örgütsel kararların bağlayıcılığında ilerleme kaydedilememesi ve askeri iş birliğinde ABD merkezli kurumlarla yarışacak düzeyde bir bütünleşme yaşanamaması dikkate değerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Avrasya, bölgecilik, Çin, hegemonya, Şangay İşbirliği Örgütü

China’s Eurasian regionalism in the post-hegemonic world order

How does the growing emphasis of Chinese foreign policy on multilateralism and regionalism affect the multipolarisation of global politics in the 2000s? What is the normative and institutional setting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) as the locomotive of the China-led multipolarisation? Post-hegemony refers to a situation in which the unipolar organisation of the global political economy is challenged by a plurality of alternative projects, but without being entirely replaced by another system. The contribution of China’s regionalism to the post-hegemonic world order is centred on four main areas: culture, economy, financial cooperation and regional defence. The driving force of China’s regionalism within the SCO is international security, and this regionalism hinges on a strong normative framework of legitimacy and aims at building an endogenous cultural, educational and defence infrastructure under the initiative of China. It also seeks to accelerate economic, financial and infrastructural development, independent of the US-dominated international institutions. As for the limitations and contradictions of China’s post-hegemonic regionalism, the SCO has to date failed to offer a coherent alternative economic development model to counter US hegemonism. Moreover, the SCO experience still suffers from unresolved tensions between national sovereignty and supranationalism, which adds to the SCO’s lack of bindingness of organisational decisions and military competitiveness with US-dominated organisations.

Keywords:

Eurasia, regionalism, China, hegemony, Shanghai Cooperation Organization,

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