Sosyal Politika ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bağlamında İnsan Kaçakçılığı: Güney Afrika Ülkeleri Örneği

Araştırmanın temel amacı, sosyal politika uygulamaları açısından insan kaçakçılığının temel nedenlerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu anlamda araştırmanın temel varsayımı, insan kaçakçılığı uygulamalarının temel belirleyicilerinin ekonomik gelişme, sosyal politika ve sosyal güvenlik gibi toplumsal dinamiklerin eksikliğinden kaynaklandığıdır. Fakat araştırma sonuçları Güney Afrika ülkeleri ölçeğinde belirtilen bu parametrelerin eksikliğinin insan kaçakçılığına etkisinin olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Eldeki verilerden hareketle gelişmiş ülkelerle kıyaslandığında ekonomik gelişmişlik, sosyal politika ve sosyal güvenlik uygulamaları açısından Güney Afrika ülkelerinin oldukça geri olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Fakat insan kaçakçılığı yoğunluğunu belirten kaynak ülke tablosuna bakıldığında Angola, Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti, Zambiya, Zimbabwe, Güney Afrika, Lesotho ve Mozambik gibi Güney Afrika ülkelerinin insan kaçakçılığı oranlarının orta ya da düşük düzeyde olduğu göze çarpmaktadır. Bu durum sosyal politika ve sosyal güvenlik uygulamaları eksikliğinin doğrudan insan kaçakçılığı ile sonuçlanmadığının bir göstergesidir.

Human Trafficking within the Framework of Social Policy and Social Security Implementations: The Case of Southern African Countries

The main objective of the research is to reveal the facts concerning the main determinants of human trafficking within the context of social policy procedures. It was supposed that the main determinants of human trafficking issue had been economic development rate as well as the lack of social policy, and social security implementations. However, in the aftermath of the research, it was seen that there is no such relevance between human trafficking and the level of the economy, lack of social policy and security deficiencies for Southern African countries. When compared to the developed countries, the economy, social policy and security procedures are too low and poor in Southern African Countries; nevertheless, these countries are referred in the list of origin countries of the human trafficking in ‘medium’ or ‘low category’ which is quite surprising and which can be interpreted as the fact that for Southern African Countries such as Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, and Mozambique, the economic development, the strength of the social policy and security implementations are not the direct indicators for human trafficking activity. Therefore, it can be stated that the act of human trafficking is not in line with the economy and the public policies for these countries mentioned.

Keywords:

Social Security, Human Trafficking Southern African Countries,

PDF

___

Alexis A. Aranowitz, Human Trafficking, Human Misery, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 2009.
American Society of International Law, “International Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol 95, No 2, April 2001, pp. 407-410.
Anne Francis Okongwu and Joan P. Mencher, “The Anthropology of Public Policy: Shifting Terrains, Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol 29, 2000, pp. 107-124.
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, Cambridge, UK, 2005.
Baker Dean and Weisbrot Mark, Social Security Phony Crisis, the University of Chicago
Press, USA, 2001, p. 1.
Cathy H. Davis, “Family Science and Social Policy: A Young Professional’s Perspective on the Need For Integration”, Family Relations, Vol 37, No 2, April. 1988, pp. 223-225.
Chris Beyrer, “Burma and Cambodia: Human Rights, Social Disruption, and the Spread of HIV /AIDS, Health and Human Rights, Part I: The Roots of Vulnerability, Vol 2, No 4, 1998.
ChristalMorehouse, Combating Human Trafficking Policy Gaps and Hidden Political Agendas in the USA and Germany, Germany, 2009, pp. 27, 28.
Frank Laczko and Marco A. Gramegna, “Developing Better Indicators of Human Trafficking”, Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol 10, Issue 1, Summer, Fall 2003, pp. 179-194.
Harald L. Vilensky, Gregory M. Luebbert, Susan Reed Hahn and Adriane M. Jamieson, Comparative Social Policy, Theories, methods, findings, (abridged version of Wilensky et al., 1985) in Meinolf Dierkers et al. (eds), Comparative Policy Research, London, Gower, 1987.
Hartley Dean, Social Policy, Polity Press Publication, Cambridge, UK, 2006.
Hasan Yüksel, “Lack of Social Policy and Social Security As A Determinant Factor in Human Trafficking”, Conference of Modern Day Slavery in Europe and Beyond, Vistula University, Poland, 2011.
Hasan Yüksel, “The Snapshot of Human Trafficking: Humans As Commodities”, Conference of Modern Day Slavery in Europe and Beyond, Vistula University, Poland, 2011, pp. 1-9.
Hill Jean Lawson Saint, A Residential Program for Human Trafficking Victims, Mater Thesis Presented to the Department of Social Work, California State University, USA, 2010.
ILO: Globalization and The Illicit Market for Human Trafficking: An Empirical Analysis of Supply and Demand. WorkingPaper 53., Geneva, 2006.
JochenClasen, Defining Comparative Social Policy, in A Handbook of Comparative Social Policy Edited by Patricia Kennett, Edward Edgar Publishing Limited, UK, 2004.
Joyce Hart, Human Trafficking, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, USA, 2009.
Katryn Cullen Du Port, Global Issues Human Trafficking, Infobase Publishing, New York, USA, 2009.
Ken Blakemore and Edwin Griggs, Social Policy: An Introduction, Third Edition, Open University Press, USA, 2007.
Kevin Bales and Ron Soodalter, The Slave Next Door Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today, University of California Press, California, USA, 2009.
Michael Hill, Understanding Social Policy, Seventh Edition, Blackwell Publishing, USA, 2003.
Michael Lavalette and Alan Pratt, Social Policy, Theories, Concepts and Issues, Second Publication, Sage Publication, California, USA, 2006.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security 14.06.2011.
Retrieved from http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle- east/southern-africa/zimbabwe/cache/offonce/ 16.06.2010.
Retrieved from http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle- east/southern-africa/south-africa/cache/offonce/ 16.06.2011.
Retrieved from http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle- east/southern-africa/mauritius/cache/offonce/ 17.06.2011.
Retrieved from http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle- east/southern-africa/mozambique/cache/offonce/ 21.06.2011.
Retrieved from http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/pid/304 14.06.2011.
Retrivedfrom http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle- east/southern-africa/zambia/cache/offonce/ 16.06.2010
Retrieved from http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle- east/southern-africa/democratic-republic-of-the-congo 18.04.2012
Retrieved from http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle- east/southern-africa/lesotho 18.04.2012.
Social Development Notes, Conflict, Crime and Violence, December 2009.
Stanley Thornes, Mark Walsh, Paul Stephens, Stephen Moore, Social Policy & Welfare, Stanley Thornes Publication, UK, 2000.
Walter Korpi and Joakim Palme, “The Paradox of Redistribution and Strategies of Equality: Welfare State Institutions, Inequality, and Poverty in the Western Countries”, American Sociological Review, Vol 63, No 5, October 1998, pp. 661-687.