Türkiye'de çocuk işçiliğinin sebepleri ve sektörel dağılımı

Uluslararası İş Örgütü’nün 2013 yılı istatistiklerine göre dünyada 168 milyon çocuk işçi bulunmaktadır. Ev işlerinde ve aile şirketlerinde ücretsiz çalışan çocuklar da dahil edildiğinde bu rakamın çok daha fazla olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Türkiye’de çocuk işçiliği sorunu da özellikle 4 milyona yakın Suriye’li sığınmacı nüfusunun ülkeye yerleşmesinden sonra daha fazla gündeme gelmiştir. Bu makale 2012 yılı Çocuk İşgücü Anketini analiz edilerek, Türkiye’de kız çocuklarının erkeklerden daha yüksek bir olasılıkla işgücünde olduklarını tespit etmiştir. Ayrıca 15-17 yaş grubu için daha küçük yaş grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında eğitimle çocuk işçiliği arasında daha güçlü bir negatif ilişki bulunmuştur. Bunların yanı sıra hanehalkı büyüklüğü ve hane reisinin eğitim seviyesinin çocuk işçiliğini belirleyen önemli faktörler arasında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sektörel dağılıma baktığımızda ise yaş grubu farketmeksizin cinsiyetler arası net bir dağılım görülmektedir; kız çocuklarının daha büyük olasılıkla tarım sektöründe, erkek çocuklarının ise diğer sektörlere nazaran yüksek olasılıkla sanayi sektöründe istihdam edildikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, aile reisinin eğitim seviyesi azaldıkça erkek çocuklarının çalışma ortamlarının kötüleştiği; bir diğer deyişle kötü şartlara sahip işlerde çalışmak zorunda kaldıkları bulunmuştur.

Child Labor and Its Sectoral Distribution in Turkey

According to the International Labor Organization’s statistics in 2013, there are 168 million children worldwide in the labor market. This number is much higher when we include children who work in unpaid jobs such as house chores and unpaid work in family businesses. The extent of problem is not different for the Turkey and it even got worse after the arrival of around 4 million Syrian refugees. This paper analyzes the Child Labor Survey in 2012 and finds that girls have higher probability of being child workers both in rural and urban areas. Moreover, the negative association between child labor and education is stronger for children aged between 15 to 17. Household size and parental education levels are found to be important determinants of child labor as it is already suggested by the literature in different contexts. In terms of sectoral distribution, we find a clear pattern with respect to gender. Girls have higher probability to work in the agricultural sector while boys have higher likelihood of working in manufacturing sector, irrespective of their ages. Furthermore, parental educational level which is used as a proxy for the (potential) income of the household head is found to be significantly associated with the work conditions of boys although it is not found to be statistically significant factor for girls’ work conditions

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