Maternal Beslenmenin Yavrular Üzerine Etkileri: Fetal Programlama ve Epigenetik Mekanizmalar

Maternal beslenme birçok bulaşıcı olmayan kronik hastalığın gelişiminde belirleyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Gebelik boyuncamaternal beslenme durumu programlanmada değişikliklere neden olup yetişkin dönem hastalıklarının gelişimine katkıdabulunabilir. Plasenta yetmezliği, glukokortikoidlere maruz kalma, beslenme yetersizlikleri ya da fazlalıkları ve stres gibiçeşitli perinatal sorunlar ile birlikte maternal intestinal mikrobiyom fetusun/yavrunun gelişimini değiştirerek kronikbulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların oluşmasında yatkınlığa yol açabilir. Aynı zamanda gebelik sürecince yapılan beslenmemüdahaleleri, programlama sürecinin tersine çevrilerek bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların önlenmesini amaçlayan yenistratejilerin oluşturabilmesi için çok değerlidir. Fetal gelişim sırasında gen ekspresyonu epigenetik mekanizmalardanetkilenebilir. Özellikle deoksiribonükleik asit metilasyonunda rol alan genlerin epigenetik modifikasyonları, histonmodifikasyonları ve mikroRNA’lar hayatın sonraki dönemlerinde metabolik hastalıkların gelişimine katkıda bulunabilir.Bu derlemede epidemiyolojik çalışmalar ve hayvan modellerinden elde edilen veriler ışığında maternal beslenmenin fetalprogramlama üzerine etkilerinin altında yatan mekanizmalardan biri olan epigenetik mekanizmalar ele alınmıştır.

Effects of Maternal Nutrition on Offspring: Fetal Programming and Epigenetic Mechanisms

Maternal nutrition plays a decisive role in the development of many non-communicable diseases. Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy can contribute and program the development of adult diseases. Along with various perinatal problems such as placental insufficiency, glucocorticoid exposure, nutritional deficiencies or excesses, and stress and the maternal intestinal microbiome may alter the development of the fetus/offspring, leading to a predisposition to the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. At the same time, nutritional interventions during pregnancy are very valuable for reversing the programming process and creating new strategies aimed at preventing non-communicable diseases. Gene expression can be affected by epigenetic mechanisms during fetal development. Epigenetic modifications of genes involved in deoxyribonucleic acid methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs may contribute to metabolic diseases later in life. In this review, epigenetic mechanisms, one of the mechanisms underlying the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal programming,were discussed in the light of data obtained from epidemiological studies and animal models.

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