Epigenetik Mekanizmaların Besinlerin Biyoaktif Bileşenleri ile İlişkisi

Deoksiribonükleik asitin (DNA) 1953 yılında keşfedilmesi ve 2003 yılında “İnsan Genom Projesi” nin tamamlanması ile birlikte genetik alanındaki ilerlemeler çok ciddi bir ivme kazanmıştır. Genetik alanındaki araştırmalarda multidisipliner çalışma yaklaşımları da yer bulmaya başlamıştır. Bu yaklaşımlardan birisi de beslenme ve genetiktir. Epigenetik, DNA baz diziliminde herhangi bir değişiklik olmadan, gen ifade profilinin farklılaşarak sonraki kuşaklara aktarılmasıdır. Epigenetik mekanizmalar genlerin ifadesini arttırıp azaltabildiği gibi genlerin sessizleştirilmesinde de etkilidir. DNA metilasyonu, histon modifikasyonları ve kodlanmayan ribonükleik asitler (RNA) başlıca epigenetik mekanizmalardır. Epigenetik modifikasyonlar erken embriyonik dönemdeki gelişim açısından da önemlidir. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar besinlerde bulunan biyoaktif bileşenlerin epigenetik mekanizmalar üzerinde etkili olduğunu göstermiş ve bu alandaki araştırmalar için ilgi çekici olmuştur. Bu derlemede, kromatin yapı, temel epigenetik mekanizmalar açıklanmış ve epigenetik modifikasyonları etkileyen besin biyoaktif bileşenleri ile ilgili yapılmış çalışmalara yer verilmiştir.

Relationship between Epigenetic Mechanisms and Bioactive Components of Foods

With the exploration of DNA in 1953 and the end up of the “Human Genome Project” in 2003, advances in genetics have gained considerable progression. Multidisciplinary study approaches have started to take place in genetic researches. One of these approaches is nutrition and genetics. Epigenetics is the transfer of the gene expression profile to the next generation without any alteration in the DNA base sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms can induce or decrease the expression of genes and are also effective in silencing the genes. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs are basic epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications are also important for early embryonic development. Recent studies have reported that nutrient components are effective on epigenetic mechanisms. Bioactive components in foods have been of interest for epigenetic research. In this review, chromatin structure, basic epigenetic mechanisms have been explained and studies on nutrient components affecting epigenetic modifications have been given.

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