1996-2018 Yılları Arasında Orman Ekosistemi Fonksiyonlarındaki Mekansal-Zamansal Değişimlerin Karşılaştırılması: Türkiye'den Bir Örnek Çalışma

Bu çalışmada, 1996, 2009 ve 2018 planlama dönemlerinde, orman ekosistemi değerlerinde (ekonomik, ekolojik ve sosyo-kültürel işlevler) zamansal olarak meydana gelen değişimlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla planlama dönemlerine ait orman ekosistemi değerlerinde meydana gelen değişikliklerin belirlenmesi için orman amenajman planları ve meşcere tipi haritaları kullanılmıştır. Orman ekosistemi fonksiyonlarındaki zamansal değişimler, üç temel fonksiyon olan ekonomik, ekolojik ve sosyo-kültürel fonksiyonlar açısından ele alınmıştır. Birbirini takip eden planlama dönemlerinde ekonomik amaçlı alan miktarında azalma olmuştur. Planlama dönemlerinde ekonomik fonksiyonlu alanlarda genel bir azalma, ekolojik fonksiyonlu alanlarda ise genel bir artış tespit edilmiştir. 1996 planlama döneminde sosyo-kültürel fonksiyonlu alan bulunmazken, 2009 planlama döneminde 1631 ha, 2018 planlama döneminde ise 1575 ha alan bulunmaktadır. Toplumun talepleri ve orman amenajman planlama yaklaşımlarında zamanla meydana gelen değişikliklerle birlikte orman fonksiyonlarında da değişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. Bu değişimlere bağlı olarak üretim ormanlarında azalma, üretim dışı ormanlarda ise (ekolojik ve sosyo-kültürel) artışlar gözlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Orman ekosistem fonksiyonları, planlama yaklaşımı, fonksiyonel planlama, milli park

Comparison of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Forest Ecosystem Functions from 1996 to 2018: A Case Study from Türkiye

The objective of this study was to determine the temporal changes in forest ecosystem values (economic, ecological, and socio-cultural functions) for the 1996, 2009 and 2018 planning periods. For this purpose, forest management plans and forest cover type maps were used to reveal the changes in forest ecosystem values for the planning periods. Temporal changes in forest ecosystem functions were discussed in terms of economic, ecological and socio-cultural functions which are three essential functions. There has been a decrease in the amount of area for economic purposes in the region in the following planning periods. A general decrease in areas for economic purposes and a general increase in areas for ecological purposes were determined during the planning periods. While there was not any area for socio-cultural purposes in the 1996 planning period, there was an area of 1631 ha in the 2009 planning period and 1575 ha in the 2018 planning period. Demands of the society and the changes in forest management planning approaches over time, changes have occurred in forest functions. Depending on these changes, decreased in production forests and increases in non-production forests (ecological and socio-cultural) were observed.

Keywords:

Forest ecosystem functions, planning approach, functional planning, national park,

PDF

___

Anonymous (2008) Forest Management Regulation, Turkish General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara.
Anonymous (2018) Ilgaz Forest Enterprise, Forest Management Plan, Turkish General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara.
Atmiş, E., Günşen, B. H., Yücedağ, C., Lise, W. (2012). Status, use and management of urban forests in Türkiye. Southeast European Forestry: Seefor 3(2), 69-78.
Başkent, E. Z., Yolasiğmaz, H. A. (2000). Exploring the concept of a forest landscape management paradigm. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 24, 443-451.
Başkent, E. Z., Terzioğlu, S., Başkaya, Ş., Sivrikaya, F., Kadioğullari, A. İ. and Mumcu, D. (2007). Ekosistem Tabanlı Çok Amaçlı Planlama (ETÇAP) Sürecinin Biyolojik Çeşitlilik, Katılımcılık ve Çok Amaçlı Planlama Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi: Yalnızçam Uygulama Örneği, The 150th Anniversary of Forestry Education in Türkiye-Proceeding Book, (pp.262-274).
Başkent, E. Z., Terzioğlu, S.and Başkaya, Ş. (2008). Developing and implementing multiple-use forest management planning in Türkiye. Environmental Management,42,37-48. https://10.1007/s00267-008-9106-6
Başkent, E. Z. and Kaspar, J. (2022). Exploring the effects of management intensification on multiple ecosystem services in an ecosystem management context. Forest Ecology and Management, 518, 1-15
Bertzky, B, Corrigan C, Kemsey J, Kenney S, Ravilious C, Besançon C, Burgess N Protected Plant Report 2012: Tracking progress towards global targets for protected areas. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK., https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/styles/publication/public/book_covers/BC-2012-061.jpg
Bilici, E., Akay, A.E. (2021). Forestry and forest operations in Türkiye: challenges and developments. Revista Pădurilor, 136(1), 37-52.
Birben, Ü. (2019). The effectiveness of protected areas in biodiversity conservation: The case of Türkiye. Cerne, 25(4),424-438.
Blaj, R. (2014). Ecotourism and nature tourism–components of a sustainable management of forests. Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology, 18(4), 51-54.
Bozali, N. (2020). Assessment of the soil protection function of forest ecosystems using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis: a case study in Adıyaman, Türkiye. Global Ecol. Conserv. (24), e01271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01271.
Bozali, N. (2021). Arazi̇ kullanımı/arazi̇ örtüsü değişiminde zamansal dinamikler: Kökez plan ünitesi̇ örneği̇, Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 5(1), 127-138.
Breiby, M. A., Selvaag, S. K., Øian, H., Duedahl, E. and Lerfald, M. (2022). Managing sustainable development in recreational and protected areas. The Dovre case, Norway. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 37, 100461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100461
Cheung, S. Y., Leung, Y. F., Larson, L. R. (2022). Citizen science as a tool for enhancing recreation research in protected areas: Applications and opportunities. Journal of environmental management, (305):114353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114353
Dimitrakopoulos, P. G. (2021). Jones, N. Protected Areas in Forest Conservation: Challenges and Opportunities. Forests, 12(4), 488
Erol, S.Y., Yildirim, H.T. (2017). Investigation of relations between forest values and some socioeconomic variables: The case of Türkiye. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 67(2), 123-135. https://10.17099/jffiu.298588
FAO, (2016). Technical Report, Assessment of the socio-economic value of the goods and services provided by Mediterranean forest ecosystems. Plan Bleu. https://www.fao.org/3/i6131e/i6131e.pdf
FOREST EUROPE, (2020). State of the Europe’s Forests 2020, Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe. http://www.foresteurope.org/
Gamfeldt, L., Snall, T., Bagchi, R., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, L., Kjellander, P., Ruiz-Jaen, M.C., Fröberg, M., Stendahl, J., Philipson, C.D., Mikusinski, G., Andersson, E., Westerlund, B., Andren, H., Moberg, F., Moen, J., Bengtsson, J. (2013). Highre levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species.Nature Communications, 4, 1340. https://10.1038/ncomms2328
GDF,(2009a). Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı Uzun Devreli Gelişme Planı-Sentez Raporu, Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
GDF, (2009b). Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı Uzun Devreli Gelişme Planı-Analitik Etüt Raporu, Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
GDF, (2021). The inventory of Turkish Forests 2020. General Directorate of Forestry in Türkiye. Ankara.
Günşen, H.B.and Atmiş, E. (2019). Analysis of forest change and deforestation in Türkiye. International Forestry Review, 21(2),182-194. https://10.1505/146554819826606577
Kadioğullari, A. İ., Sayin, M. A., Çelįk, D. A., Borucu, S.,Çil, B., Bulut, S. (2014). Analysing land cover changes for understanding of forest dynamics using temporal forest management plans. Environ. Monit. Assess. 186, 2089–2110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3520-9
Karahalil, U., Başkent, E. Z. and Bulut S (2018) The effects of land cover changes on forest carbon storage in 40 years: a case study in Türkiye. International Journal of Global Warming, 14(2), 207-223.
Keleş, S., Sivrikaya, F. and Çakir, G. (2007). Temporal changes in forest landscape patterns in Artvin Forest Planning Unit, Türkiye. Environ Monit Assess, 129, 483-490. https://10.1007/s10661-006-9380-9
Keleş, S., Durusoy, İ. and Çakir, G. (2017). Analysis of the changes in forest ecosystem values, structure and composition in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Journal of Forestry Research, 28(2),329-342. https://10.1007/s11676- 016-0322-2
Khaiter, P. A. and Erechtchoukova, M. G. (2022). Advanced Scientific Methods and Tools in Sustainable Forest Management: A Synergetic Perspective In Forest Dynamics and Conservation, 279-309.
Kiliç, M. and Kervankiran, İ. (2019). Türkiye’de milli parkçılığın kısa bir hikâyesi: Yozgat Çamlığı Milli Parkı örneği. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (72), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.463690
Kuvan, Y., Erol, S.Y. and Yildirim, H.T. (2011). Forest managers’ perceptions of the foremost forestry issues and values in Türkiye. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 20(2), 393-403.
Kuvan, Y, Erol SY (2018) Şahin, G. Management of forest areas used for ecotourism and recreation in Türkiye. Forestist, 68(2), 114-121. https://10.26650/forestist.2018.345971
Lee, E. (2016). Protected areas, country and value: The nature–culture tyranny of the IUCN's protected area guidelines for Indigenous Australians. Antipode, 48(2), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12180
Miranda, J.J., Corral, L., Blackman, A., Asner, G., Lima, E. (2014). Effects of Protected Areas 293 on Forest Cover Change and Local Communities. Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.026
Miura, S., Amacher, M., Hofer, T., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Thackway, R. (2015). Protective functions and ecosystem services of global forests in the past quarter-century. Forest Ecology and Management, 352, 35-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.039
Pilli, R. and Pase, A. (2018). Forest functions and space: a geohistorical perspective of European forests. iForest, 11, 79- 89. https://10.3832/ifor2316-010
Sağlam, S. and Elvan, O. D. (2017). Progress of urban forests in Türkiye and legal aspect. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 17(4), 669-681. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.266134
Sarvašová, Z., Dobšinská, Z. and Šálka, J. (2014). Public participation in sustainable forestry: the case of forest planning in Slovakia. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 7(6), 414. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1174-007
Shafer, C. L. (2015). Cautionary thoughts on IUCN protected area management categories V–VI. Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.12.007
Sivrikaya, F., Çakir, G., Terzioğlu, S., Başkent, E. Z., Sönmez, T., Kadioğullari, A. İ. (2005). Ekosistem tabanlı çok amaçlı planlama (Camili planlama birimi örneği). Korunan Doğal Alanlar Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, p.281-294. Isparta. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284899305
TOD, (2019) Türkiye Ormancılığı: 2019. Ankara. https://www.ormancilardernegi.org/dosyalar/files/revize_rapor7%20web.pdf
Türker, M.F., Aydin, I. Z. and Aydin, T. (2014). Ecotourism activities for sustainability and management of forest protected areas: A case of Camili biosphere reserve area, Türkiye. In Tokyo, J.A. (Eds), In designing low carbon societies in landscapes, 253-269.
Ünal, H.E., Birben, Ü. and Bolat, F. (2019). Rural population mobility, deforestation and urbanization: case of Türkiye. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 191:21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7149-6
Winter, P. L., Selin, S., Cerveny, L., Bricker, K. (2019). Outdoor recreation, nature-based tourism, and sustainability. Sustainability, 12(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010081
WORLD BANK GROUP, (2017). Türkiye Forest Policy Note. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11872
Yilmaz, S., Bulut, S. and Yeşil, P. (2006). Benefits of the urban forest to the urban place. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 37 (1), 131-136.
Zengin, H., Yeşil, A., Asan, Ü., Bettinger, P., Cieszewski, C., Siry, P.J. (2013). Evolution of modern management planning in the Republic of Türkiye. Journal of Forestry, 11(4), 239-248. https://10.5849/jof