İspanya’da Gastronomi Turizminin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Gastrodiplomasi Değerlendirmesi

Ülkelerin gastronomi çeşitliliği kültürün bir parçasıdır. Kültürün gelişimi uzun süreçlerin ve tarihsel olayların yönlendirmesiyle olduğu gibi gastronominin gelişimi de asırlar süren süreçlerden oluşur. Günümüzde gastronomi zenginliği ülkelerin turizmde başarısı için daha büyük bir avantaja dönüşmektedir. Gastronomi turizm gelirlerini arttırmakta anahtar rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle ekonomileri turizme bel bağlayan gelişmekte olan ülkeler için turizmi geliştirmenin yeni yolları aranmaktadır. Hali hazırda gastronomisi uluslararası tanınırlığa ulaşmış ülkeler tarihlerinde başarının ipuçlarını saklamaktadır. Günümüzde İspanya turizm sektöründe dünyanın en önde gelen ülkeleri arasındadır. Bu başarıda rol oynayan gastronominin tarihsel gelişimini incelemek turizmde başarının yollarına ışık tutacaktır. Bu çalışmamın amacı, İspanyol gastronomisinin tarihsel gelişiminde rol oynayan bileşenleri incelemek ve günümüzde devletin desteği ile yürütülen gastrodiplomasi uygulamaları olarak kabul edilen eylemleri İspanyol gastronomisinin gelişimi ile karşılaştırmaktır

Historical Development of Gastro-Tourism in Spain and Evaluation of Gastrodiplomacy

The gastronomic variety of the countries is a part of the culture. The development of culture is driven by long processes and historical events as well as the development of gastronomy is comprised of centuries of processes. The wealth of gastronomy turns into a greater advantage for the success of countries in the field of tourism. Gastronomy plays a key role in increasing tourism revenues. Especially for developing countries whose economies rely on tourism, new ways to develop tourism are sought. Countries whose gastronomy has already achieved international recognition keep the clues of success in their history. In the present time, Spain is among the countries in the world leading in tourism sector. Examining the historical development of gastronomy, which plays a role in this success, will shed light on the ways of success in tourism. The aim of this study is to examine the components that play a role in the historical development of Spanish gastronomy and to compare the actions accepted as gastrodiplomacy practices carried out with the support of the state with the development of Spanish gastronomy

PDF

___

Aguirregoitia-Martínez, A., Fernández-Poyatos, M. D. (2017). The Gestation of Modern Gastronomy in Spain (1900-1936). Culture and History Digital Journal, 6(2), e019. https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2017.019
Alimentarium (2021). Dietary prohibitions- Judaism- mixing of meat and dairy. https://www.alimentarium.org/en/knowledge/dietary-prohibitions-judaism-mixing-meat-and-dairy
Alum, M. (2016). Expofooding. https://www.culinaryspain.es/2016/04/expofooding/#.YfAmXupBzyR
Avey, T. (2021). Explore The Delicious History of Ice Cream. https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/explore-the-delicious-history-of-ice-cream/ Avrupa Birliği [EU] (2021). The history of the European Union - 1986. https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1980-1989/1986_en
Avrupa Birliği [EU] (2021). The history of the European Union - 1986. https://europa.eu/euro- pean-union/about-eu/history/1980-1989/1986_ en
Avrupa Komisyonu [EC] (2020). Producing 69% of the world’s production, the EU is the largest producer of olive oil. https://ec.europa. eu/info/news/producing-69-worlds-producti- on-eu-largest-producer-olive-oil-2020-feb-04_ en
BBC (2011). El Bulli, ‘world’s best restaurant’, closes. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-euro- pe-14352973
BBC (2019). Top 10 foods to try in Spain. ht- tps://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/top- 10-foods-try-spain
Becchi, M. (2016). Travel. Castilla-León: the mushroom tradition and nature of Soria. ht- tps://www.gamberorossointernational.com/ news/travel-castilla-leon-the-mushroom-tradi- tion-and-nature-of-soria/
Bilingua (2018). A Deep Look into Arabic Influence on Spanish. https://bilingua.io/a-de- ep-look-into-arabic-influence-on-spanish#:~:- text=Arabic%20influence%20on%20Spa- nish%20cooking%20Spanish%20cooking%20 depicts,Spanish%20cooking%20also%20origi- nated%20from%20the%20Arab%20countries.
BloombergHT (2018). Ayhan Sicimoğlu ile Renkler - Barcelona (4.Bölüm). https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=zpKzIFeb6bs
Bowman, J. (2014). Five Reasons We Should Always Eat Fish on Fridays. https://catholi- cvote.org/five-reasons-we-should-always-e- at-fish-on-fridays/?fbclid=IwAR3S--WQ- bCo6DvMAl8AZ8QquNOHRWp8gDxtj- BO07fXbFmZtF2kpAoTJjnH8
Brunat, D. (2017). Los chefs Michelin de- fienden tener becarios sin cobrar: “Para ellos es un privilegio”. https://www.elconfidencial. com/espana/2017-05-01/michelin-arzak-mu- noz-masterchef-defienden-becarios-alta-coci- na_1375118/
Catalan News (2012). One-thousand years old olive oil suffers from drought. https://www. catalannews.com/life-style/item/one-thousand- years-old-olive-oil-suffers-from-drought
Catalan News (2020). Michelin Restaurants Catalonia 2019. https://www.catalannews.com/ culture/item/interactive-map-of-all-miche- lin-starred-restaurants-in-catalonia
Club Jamonarium (2021). About Spanish Ham: Bellota, Iberico, pata negra & Serrano. https://www.jamonarium.com/en/cms/7/infor- mation-ham-iberico-bellota-serrano-pata-negra
Conexio (2019). Olive Cultivation in Turkey. ht- tps://www.conexioconsulting.com/tr/olive-cul- tivation-in-turkey/#:~:text=95%25%20of%20 the%20olive%20oil,in%20the%20world%20 olive%20production
Country Studies (2021). Tourism. http:// countrystudies.us/spain/69.htm
Cuina Catalana (2021). Qui som? https:// www.cuinacatalana.eu/ca/pag/ficc-qui-som/
Deliboran, A., Savran, K., Dursun, Ö., Eralp, Ö., Pekcan, T., Turan, H. S., Aydoğdu, E., Çılgın, İ., Ataol Ölmez, H., Savran, Ş., Nacar, A. S. (2019). Muğla İlinde Yetiştirilen Zeytin (Olea europaea L.) Ağaçlarının Bor ve Mik- ro Elementler Yönünden Beslenme Durumu- nun Belirlenmesi, Yaprak ve Toprak İlişki- leri. Uluslararası Anadolu Ziraat Mühendisliği Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(5), 126-140.
Demirer, K. (2018). Kaya Demirer Zirve Açı- lış Konuşması. https://www.youtube.com/wat- ch?v=HpTXmeT31pA
Donquijote (2021). The Spanish Golden Age (1492-1659) saw the rise of famed figures such as Columbus, Velázquez, and Cervantes. htt- ps://www.donquijote.org/spanish-culture/his- tory/spanish-golden-age/
Dünya Gıda Seyahat Birliği [WFTA] (2020). The Economic Impact of Food Tourism. https:// worldfoodtravel.org/news-the-economic-im- pact-of-food-tourism/#:~:text=By%20our%20 estimate%2C%20visitors%20spend,spent%20 by%20travelers%20in%20general.
Dünya Turizm Örgütü [UNWTO] (2017). 2nd UNWTO Report On Gastronomy Tourism: Sustainability and Gastronomy. https:// www.unwto.org/archive/global/press-rele- ase/2017-05-17/2nd-unwto-report-gastro- nomy-tourism-sustainability-and-gastronomy
Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgü- tü [OECD] (2012). OECD Studies on Tou- rism Food and the Tourism Experience. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/industry-and-ser- v i c e s / f o o d - a n d - t h e - t o u r i s m - e x p e r i e n - ce_9789264171923-en#page52
El Punt (2011). La cuina catalana vol ser pat- rimoni immaterial de la humanitat. http:// www.elpuntavui.cat/article/2-societat/5-socie- tat/425722-la-cuina-catalana-vol-ser-patrimo- ni-immaterial-de-la-humanitat.html
Elbulli Foundation (2021). An emphasis on creativity. http://elbulli.com/historia/index. php?lang=en&seccion=3&subseccion=7
Erke, E. (2020). Sorbe deyince havalı, şerbet deyince demode mi? https://www.hurriyet.com. tr/yazarlar/ebru-erke/sorbe-deyince-havali-ser- bet-deyince-demode-mi-41519333
Farina, F. (2018). Japan’s gastrodiplomacy as soft power: global washoku and national food security. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia, 17(1), 152-167.
Fariñas, T. (2015). Gastro Marca España ori- ginates to promote the country’s gastrono- mic potential. https://thediplomatinspain.com/ en/2015/11/nace-gastro-marca-espana-para-fo- mentar-el-potencial-gastronomico-del-pais-2
Foods and Wines from Spain (2019a). Mer- cado Little Spain in NYC to Officially Open on March 14th. https://www.foodswinesfromspa- in.com/spanishfoodwine/global/whats-new/fe- atures/feature-detail/mercado-little-spain.html
Foods and Wines from Spain (2019b). SPAIN’S GREAT MATCH NYC. https://www. foodswinesfromspain.com/spanishfoodwine/ global/upcoming-events/trade-shows-detail/ FEX2019828502.html
Generalitat de Catalunya (2010). Catalonia is gastronomy. http://act.gencat.cat/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/CataloniaGastronomy.pdf
Guillermo Navarro, F. X. (2018). Stamps, Tourism and Gastronomy:The Role of Gastro- nomy in Promoting Tourism in Spain Through the Postage Stamp. In: Xavier Medina,F., Trens- serras,J. (Eds), Food, Gastronomy and Tourism Social and Cultural Perspectives (p.15-29). Gu- adalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara.
Hadden, G. (2013). İspanya: Osmanlı›ya sığı- nan Yahudilere vatandaşlık daveti. https://www. bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2013/03/130308_se- farad_yahudileri
Herningtyas, R. (2019). Korean Gastro Diplo- macy: Strategy To Enhance Country Promotion Toward Moslem Countries. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 353, 247-252.
Hosteleria Digital. (2020). España superó los 70 mil millones de euros de ingresos por tu- rismo en 2019. https://www.hosteleriadigital. es/2020/02/28/espana-supero-los-70-mil-millo- nes-de-euros-de-ingresos-por-turismo-en-2019/
Hughes, D. (2015). You Can’t Meet Bar- celona’s Cloistered Nuns But You Can Eat Their Cookies. https://www.vice.com/en/ar- ticle/aeyymp/you-cant-meet-barcelonas-clois- tered-nuns-but-you-can-eat-their-cookies
ICEX (2017). Foods & Wines from Spain Now on Amazon! http://pre.contenidos.icex.es/spa- nishfoodwine/global/food/features/feature-de- tail/spanish-foods-wines-amazon-online-store. html
IGCAT (2019). IGCAT’s Story. https://igcat. org/about-igcat/igcats-story/
Javier Moreno-Luzón, X. M. (2017). Metap- hors of Spain: Representations of Spanish Na- tional Identity in the Twentieth Century. New York: Berghahn Books.
KPMG (2019). La gastronomía en la economía española. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/ kpmg/es/pdf/2019/01/gastronomia-en-econo- mia-espanola.pdf
Kurgun, H. (2017). Gastronomi Trendleri. An- kara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Language and Luxury (2021). The History of Spanish Food. https://www.languageandluxury. com/the-history-of-spanish-food
Macbeth, H. (2018). Scottish Langoustines in 2017: A Change in Gastronomic Perceptions and Choices. In: Xavier Medina,F., Trensser- ras,J. (Eds), Food, Gastronomy and Tourism Social and Cultural Perspectives (p.127-144). Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara.
Maurer, M. (2019). Political cooks or cooking politicians : Spain’s golden chance for gastro- diplomacy. https://repositorio.comillas.edu/xm- lui/handle/11531/32517
Mercer, L. K., Song, H. R. (2020). Catalanidad in the Kitchen: Tourism, Gastronomy and Iden- tity in Modern and Contemporary Barcelona. Bulletin of Spanish Studies, 97(4), 1-22.
Michelin Star Blog (2016). Ferran Adrià. https:// michelinstarblog.wordpress.com/2016/08/25/ ferran-adria/
Mincotur (2020). Spain closes 2019 with a new record number of international tourists and spending exceeded €92.20 billion. https://www. mincotur.gob.es/en-us/GabinetePrensa/No- tasPrensa/2020/Paginas/200203np_frontur-e- gatur-diciembre.aspx
Morales, J.C.G. (2005). La Comisión Nacional De Turismo Y Las Primeras Inicıatıvas Para El Fomento Del Turısmo: La Industrıa De Los Fo- rasteros (1905-1911). Estudios Turísticos, 163- 164, 17-30.
Morfin, M. (2016). The 10 Oldest Cookbooks in The World. https://theculturetrip.com/europe/ articles/the-10-oldest-cookbooks-in-the-world/
Museum De Lakenhal (2021). Hutspot, Voor 1574. https://www.lakenhal.nl/en/collecti- on/3346
NATO (2009). Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of Spain. https://www. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_23106. htm
Norman, R. (Yöneten). (2018). The Final Tab- le - Spain S01E02 [Sinema Filmi].
Nosrat, S. (Yöneten). (2018). Salt Fat Acid Heat [Sinema Filmi].
Ortiz, D. A. (2020). How The Humble Pota- to Changed The World. http://www.bbc.com/ travel/story/20200302-the-true-origins-of-the- humble-potato
Pellejero, C. (2004). La política turística en Es- paña: una perspectiva histórica. Mediterraneo Economico, 5, 268-284.
Point, F. (2019). The true history of the menu of the day. https://www.elmundo.es/metropoli/ gastronomia/2019/05/27/5cebbe88fdddffdf- 438b45a9.html
Quick and Carry (2018). A Brief History of the Pressure Cooker.https://quickandcarry.com/ a-brief-history-of-the-pressure-cooker/
Real Academia de Gastronomia (2015). Pre- sentation of the website Gastro Marca Spain. https://realacademiadegastronomia.com/notici- as-rag/presentacion-la-web-gastro-marca-espa-na
Romagnoli, M. (2018). Mycological Tourism in Soria (Spain). Mediterranean Diet Emble- matic Community In: Xavier Medina,F., Trens- serras,J. (Eds), Food, Gastronomy and Tourism Social and Cultural Perspectives (p.69-83). Gu- adalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara.
San Sebastian Gastronomika (2021). San Se- bastian Gastronomika-Euskadi Basque Country will be back at the Kursaal from the 4th to the 6th of October 2021. https://www.sansebasti- angastronomika.com/en/Magazine/Post/edici- on_2021
Solleh, F. M. (2015). Gastrodiplomacy as a soft power tool to enhance nation brand. Journal of Media and Information Warfare, 7, 167-199.
Spain Then and Now (2021). Roman Conqu- est of Spain/Hispania. https://www.spainthe- nandnow.com/spanish-history/roman-conqu- est-of-hispania
Spanish Food (2021a). 19th Century. htt- ps://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-his- tory-19th-century.html
Spanish Food (2021b). Arab Influence. https:// www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-a- rab-influence.html
Spanish Food (2021c). Christian Influence. ht- tps://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-his- tory-christian-influence.html
Spanish Food (2021d). New World New Ing- redients. https://www.spanish-food.org/spa- nish-food-history-new-world-new-ingredients. html
Spanish Food (2021e). Sephardic Influence. ht- tps://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-his- tory-sephardic-influence.html
Statista (2021). Number of Michelin-starred restaurants in Spain as of 2021, by autonomous community. https://www.statista.com/statisti-cs/749862/michelin-starred-restaurants-in-spa- in-by-region
Storm, E. (2017). A More Spanish Spain: The Influence of Tourism on the National Image. In: Javier Moreno-Luzón & Xosé M. Núñez Seixas (eds). Metaphors of Spain Representations of Spanish National Identity in the Twentieth Cen- tury (p.69-83). New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books.
The Economist (2002). Thailand’s gast- ro-diplomacy. https://www.economist.com/ asia/2002/02/21/thailands-gastro-diplomacy
The Best Chef Awards (2020). Countdown 1-100. https://thebestchefawards.com/virtu- al2020/
The Worlds 50 Best (2021). The World’s 50 Best Restaurants. https://www.theworlds50best. com/list/1-50
TIME (2004). The 2004 TIME 100. http://con- tent.time.com/time/specials/packages/comple- telist/0,29569,1970858,00.html
Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi [TİM]. (2020). Zeytin - Zeytinyağı Sektör Raporu. https://tim. org.tr/files/downloads/Strateji_Raporlari/Zey- tin_Zeytinyagi_Sektor_Raporu.pdf
UNESCO (2010). 2010 Inscriptions on the Representative List. http://www.unesco.org/ archives/multimedia/serie/2010+inscripti- ons+on+the+representative+list
UNESCO (2013). Mediterranean diet. ht- tps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mediterrane- an-diet-00884
UNWTO (2021). History. https://www.unwto. org/history
Vidal, L. C. (2020). Molecular Gastronomy. https://thechicicon.com/2020/11/11/molecu- lar-gastronomy/
Warwicker, M. (2014). Ciencia en la coci- na: lo que la “gastronomía molecular” nos enseñó. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/notici- as/2014/05/140515_cocina_molecular_finde_ az
Wetzel, G. (Yöneten). (2010). El Bulli: Coo- king in Progress [Sinema Filmi].
WocomoCOOK (2019). Ferran Adrià about molecular cuisine and his restaurant “El Bulli”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoHK- FEq-zCw
Workman, D. (2020). Cheese Exports by Country. http://www.worldstopexports.com/ cheese-exports-country/
Worlds Top Exports (2020). Wine Exports by Country. https://www.worldstopexports.com/ wine-exports-country/
Zhang, J. (2015). The foods of the worlds: Mapping and comparing contemporary gastro- diplomacy campaigns. International Journal of Communication, 9(1), 568-591.
Zucker, S. (2021). How the Moors Influen- ced Spanish Cuisine. https://catavino.net/ how-the-moors-influenced-spanish-cuisine/