Huzur Derya UMUCALILAR, Mustafa Selcuk ALATAŞ

Rumenin Mikrobiyel Ekosistemindeki Bakteriler ve Rolleri

Rumenin mikrobiyel ekosistemi; bakteri, archaea, protozoa, mantar ve bakteriofajlardan oluşmaktadır. Bakteriler rumendeki mikrobiyel kitlenin yaklaşık %40-60’nı oluştururlar. Ruminantlar selüloz, hemiselüloz, lignin, nişasta, protein ve çok az miktarda da yağ içeren lignoselülozik yem maddeleri ile beslenirler. Rumen ortamı bu yem bileşenlerini sindirebilen çok çeşitli bakterileri barındırır. Rumende yaklaşık olarak 200’den fazla bakteri türü izole edilmiştir ve en az 20 türün de rumende 107-1010 düzeyinde bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Rumende ml de 107 den fazla bulunan bakteriler baskın bakteriler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bakteriler ve diğer mikrobiyel gruplar arasındaki ilişkiler sonucu rumende uçucu yağ asitleri (UYA), karbondioksit, metan, amonyak ve mikrobiyel hücreler elde edilir. Mikroorganizmalar tarafından üretilen mikrobiyel proteinler ve vitaminler ruminantlar için çok büyük önem taşımaktadır. Rumende bulunan mikrobiyel ekosistemler arasındaki etkileşim şekillenen fermantasyonun ve mikrobiyel topluluğun stabilitesinin devamlılığı için önemlidir. Rumendeki mikroorganizma sayısı ve oranı; rasyonun yapısı, hayvanın türü, uçucu yağ asitlerinin oranı, yemin formu, rumen pH’sı gibi faktörlere göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu derlemede rumen bakterilerinin identifikasyonu, karakterizasyonu ve rumen sindirimindeki rollerine yer verilmiştir.

Bacteria of the Rumen Ecosystem and their Roles

The rumen ecosystem compromised of bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and bacteriophages. Bacteria are the predominant mass of microbiological beings and account for nearly 40-60% of total microbial beings in the rumen. Ruminants are fed mainly on lingocellulosic agricultural by-products which are rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch, protein and a very small quantity of oils. The rumen hosts various types of bacteria which are degrading of these compo-nents of the feed. In the rumen environment more than 200 species of bacteria has been isolated and at least 20 species have been measured at 107-1010 in number. Those of the bacteria which are measured more than 107 are considered as dominant species. Due to the interactions among these respective microbiological groups and bacteria, volatile fatty acids (VFA), carbondioxide, methane, ammonia and other microbiological products are producted. Microbiological proteins and vitamines are seriously essential for ruminants which are synthesised in the rumen. The interractions between various microbiological groups is essential for maintaining fermentation and stability of microbiological sentients. Quantity and ratio of microorganisms in the rumen are posing differences according to the composition of ration, species of animal, ratio of the volatile fatty acids, formation of the feed, pH of the rumen. In this review, the identifications, characterisations and determination of the roles that are partaking of these bacteria in the rumen have been overviewed.

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