EFFECTS OF BREATHING TECHNIQUES ON PROFESSIONAL SINGERS AND PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES

Respiratory system is the main section of vocal production and singing. Breathing as an involuntary muscle movement is the most essential factor of life. Its mechanism is dependent on air moving in and out of the lungs in response to pressure differences between the lungs and the atmosphere. If the air pressure within the alveolar spaces falls below atmospheric pressure, inspiration occurs with the air entering the lungs. If the air pressure within the alveoli exceeds atmospheric pressure, expiration occurs with air blown out of the lungs. During normal breathing, inspiration occurs as the diaphragm muscle contracts downward, increasing the thoracic cavity. The external intercostal muscles contract, too, expanding the rib cage. Normal breathing expiration occurs passively, while diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. Forced breathing can occur during exercise or during actions which need active manipulation of breathing, such as singing. In forced breathing, both inspiration and expiration are done actively via contraction of the breathing muscles. In general, breathing patterns may change according to the physical activity, emotional conditions as well as health situation. In this paper, respiratory system and breathing mechanisms are explained, and studies involving the relationship between breath and singing are investigated and analyzed. According to the results, efficient larynx productivity via phonation requires a correct posture and efficient breathing. These factors also reduce tension in the vocal tract and help to provide good resonance. The singer needs to control the sounds she/he produces as well as a qualified breath support. The coordination of the singing muscles should be applied with the guidance of a good singing teacher or a professional of breathing techniques. Singing therapies had good results on patients with respiratory diseases. They developed better breathing control mechanisms and physical functioning via singing exercises. The professionals may provide different imageries according to the age and the condition of the singer/patient. During breath management teaching, constant flow of air concept may be suggested instead of using the support concept in order to decrease the tension and stress on the muscles. Further studies are recommended with longer periods of breathing and singing lessons at private sessions for better evaluations.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Breath, Respiration, Lung, Singing, Respiratory Diseases

NEFES TEKNİKLERİNİN PROFESYONEL ŞARKICILAR VE SOLUNUM YOLU HASTALARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Solunum sistemi ses üretimi ve şan tekniğinin temel sistemidir. İstemsiz bir kas hareketi olarak solunum hayatın en önemli unsurudur. Mekanizması, akciğerler ve atmosfer arasındaki basınç farkından dolayı havanın akciğerlere girişi ve çıkışına bağlıdır. Alveollerdeki hava basıncı atmosfer basıncının altına düşerse, akciğerlere hava girişiyle nefes alınır. Eğer alveollerdeki hava basıncı atmosferik basınçtan fazla olursa, akciğerlerden hava çıkışıyla birlikte nefes verilir. Normal/istirahat solunumu sırasında, nefes alma işlemi diyafram kasının aşağı doğru kasılmasıyla ve göğüs boşluğunu arttırmasıyla gerçekleşir. Dış interkostal kaslar da kasılarak göğüs kafesini genişletir. Normal solunumda nefes verme işlemi pasif olarak gerçekleşir, bu sırada diyafram ve interkostal kaslar gevşer. Konuşma ve şarkı solunumu spor yaparken ya da solunumun aktif olarak gerçekleştirilmesini gerektiren durumlarda oluşur. Bu solunum sırasında hem nefes alma hem de nefes verme işlemi solunum kasların kasılmasıyla gerçekleşir. Genel olarak solunum düzeni fiziksel aktiviteye, duygusal duruma ya da sağlık durumuna göre değişebilir. Bu makalede, solunum sistemi ve nefesin mekanizması açıklanıp, solunum ve şarkı söylemenin ilişkisini araştıran makaleler incelenmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre, etkili bir larenks fonskiyonu ve fonasyon doğru bir vücut duruşunu ve iyi bir solunumu gerektirir. Bu faktörler, aynı zamanda ses yolundaki gerilimi azaltır ve iyi bir rezonans sağlar. Şarkıcı ürettiği sesleri kontrol ederken etkili bir nefes desteğine ihtiyaç duyar. Şarkı söyleme kaslarının birbiriyle uyumunu sağlayabilmek için iyi bir şan eğitmeni ya da nefes teknikleri uzmanıyla çalışılmalıdır. Şarkı söyleme terapisi sayesinde solunum rahatsızlıkları olan hastalarda başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Şan egzersizleri ile hastalarda daha iyi solunum kontrol mekanizmaları ve fiziksel iyileşme gözlenmiştir. Uzmanlar şarkıcının/hastanın yaşına ve durumuna göre çeşitli imgelemler geliştirebilirler. Solunum mekanizması öğretimi sırasında, kaslar üzerindeki gerginliği ve stresi azaltmak amacıyla destekleme konsepti yerine sürekli akış halindeki hava konsepti tavsiye edilebilir. Daha iyi değerlendirmeler yapabilmek adına, daha uzun süreli nefes ve şan dersleri ile gerçekleştirilen bire bir çalışmalar önerilir.

Keywords:

Nefes, Solunum, Akciğer, Şan, Solunum Hastalıkları,

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