Semih EDİŞ, Gamze TUTTU, İbrahim AYTAŞ, Uğur TUTTU, Ali Uğur ÖZCAN

Acıçay (Çankırı) Riparian Zonunda zamansal ve mekânsal değişimin analizi

Akarsu kıyı bölgeleri sahip; oldukları bitki örtüsü nedeniyle mecra erozyonunu önleme, kıyı stabilizasyonunu sağlama, yaban hayvanları için beslenme ve barınma, habitatlar arasında göç yolları ve durak noktaları olarak hizmet etmektedir. Riparian zondaki antropojenik etkiler, yukarı havzalardan alt havzalara kadar topoğrafyada ve arazi kullanma türünde önemli değişikliğe neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Çankırı'da yer alan Acıçay'ın üç farklı dere kıyısı zonunda (0-60m-Zon 1, 60-120m-Zon 2, 120- 180m- Zon 3) meydana gelen zamansal ve mekânsal arazi kullanım değişimlerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 2008-2021 yılları arasını kapsayan çalışmada Sentinel 2 uydu görüntüsü ve orto foto görüntüleri kullanılmış ve arazi gözlem noktalarında bitki türleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma alanında akarsu koridoru boyunca en çok tespit edilen odunsu türler Tamarix smyrnensis Bunge ve Elaeagnus angustifolia L. olarak belirlenmiştir. Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri yardımıyla ortaya çıkan arazi kullanma türü değişikliği sonuçlara göre, birinci zonda akarsu yatağı alanlarında 6.2’ha, akarsu kenarı vejetasyonu alanlarında 9.9 ha, mera alanlarında 1.5 ha azalma saptanmıştır. Buna karşılık tarım, yerleşim ve diğer alanlarda artış belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre akarsu kenarı vejetasyonu alanlarının en çok 0-60m’lik zonda tahribata uğradığı belirlenmiştir.

Analysis of temporal and spatial change in Acıçay (Çankırı) Riparian Zone

Due to the vegetation they have, the riverine coastal areas serve as preventing channel erosion, providing coastal stabilization, feeding and sheltering for wild animals, migration routes, and stopping points between habitats. Anthropogenic effects in the riparian zone cause significant changes in the topography and land use types from the upper watersheds to the lower watersheds. This study, it is aimed to reveal the temporal and spatial land-use changes that occur in three different riparian zones (0-60m-Zone 1, 60-120m- Zone 2, 120-180m- Zone 3) of Acıçay located in Çankırı. For this purpose, Sentinel 2 satellite images and ortho photo images were used in the study covering the years 2008- 2021 and plant species were determined at the field observation points. The most common woody species along the river corridor in the study area were Tamarix smyrnensis Bunge and Elaeagnus angustifolia L.. According to the results of the land use type change that emerged with the help of geographic information systems, a decrease of 6.2 ha in the river bed areas, 9.9 ha in the riparian vegetation areas, and 1.5 ha in the pasture areas in the first zone. On the other hand, an increase was determined in agriculture, settlement, and other areas. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the riparian vegetation areas were mostly damaged in the 0-60m zone.

PDF

___

Akay AE, Sivrikaya F, Gulci S (2014) Analyzing riparian forest cover changes along the Firniz River in the Mediterranean City of Kahramanmaras in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186(5): 2741-2747, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661- 013-3575-7
Bayrak-Özbucak T, Taş B, Ergen-Akçin Ö (2016) Akçaova Deresi (Ordu) riparian zonunun makrofit florası. Ordu Üniv. Bil. Tek. Derg 6(2): 1- 13
Brinson MM, Swift BL, Plantico RC, Barclay JS (1981) Riparian ecosystems: their ecology and status. Eastern Energy Land Use Team [and] National Water Resources Analysis Group, US Fish and Wildlife Service
Bueno JA, Tsihrintzis VA, Alvarez L (1995) South Florida greenways: a conceptual framework for the ecological reconnectivity of the region. Landscape and Urban Planning 33(1-3): 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(94)02021-7
Burbrink FT, Phillips CA, Heske EJ (1998) A riparian zone in southern Illinois as a potential dispersal corridor for reptiles and amphibians. Biological Conservation 86(2): 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00054-8
Davis PH (1965) Flora of Turkey, 1st ed. Edinburgh University Press
Davis PH (1988) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, 1st ed. Edinburgh University Press
Décamps H (1996) The renewal of floodplain forests along rivers: a landscape perspective. SIL Proceedings 1922-2010, 26(1): 35-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1995.11900692
Dölarslan M, Göl C (2008) An Investigation on the Relationship between Saline Soil and Halophytic Plants in Semi Arid Region (Acıçay Stream), in: International Meeting on Soil Fertility Land Management and Agroclimatology. Turkey. Aydın, pp 83-93
Fahrig L, Pedlar JH, Pope SE, Taylor PD, Wegner JF (1995) Effect of road traffic on amphibian density. Biological Conservation 73(3): 177- 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00102-V
Fu B, Li Y, Wang Y, Campbell A, Zhang B, Yin S, Zhu H, Xing Z, Jin X (2017) Evaluation of riparian condition of Songhua River by integration of remote sensing and field measurements. Scientific Reports 7(1): 1- 16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02772-3
Gilliom RJ, Barbash JE, Crawford CG, Hamilton PA, Martin JD, Nakagaki N, Nowell LH, Scott JC, Stackelberg PE, Thelin GP, Wolock DM (2006) The quality of our nation’s waters. Pesticides in the nation’s streams and ground water, 1992–2001. USGS Circular 1291, US Geological Survey, Reston VA
Gooseff MN, Hall RO, Tank JL (2007) Relating transient storage to channel complexity in streams of varying land use in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Water Resources Research 43(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004626
Grebner DL, Bettinger P, Siry JP (2013) Introduction to Forestry and Natural Resources 496 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2010-0- 64966-2
Guecker B, Boechat IG, Giani A (2009) Impacts of agricultural land use on ecosystem structure and whole-stream metabolism of tropical Cerrado streams. Freshwater Biology 54(10): 2069-2085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02069.x
Gül E, Erşahin S (2019) Evaluating the desertification vulnerability of a semiarid landscape under different land uses with the environmental sensitivity index. Land Degradation and Development 30(7): 811-823. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3269
Harms TK, Grimm NB (2008) Hot spots and hot moments of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a semiarid riparian zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 113(G1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000588
Karakuş CB (2020) Assessment of relationship between land use/cover and surface water quality trends within the riparian zone: A case study from Sivas, Turkey. Desalination and Water Treatment 182, 414–433. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25632
Li Y, Nigh T (2011) GIS-based prioritization of private land parcels for biodiversity conservation: A case study from the Current and Eleven Point Conservation Opportunity Areas, Missouri. Applied Geography 31(1): 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.02.006
Marti E, Fisher SG, Schade JD, Grimm NB (2000) Flood Frequency and Stream–Riparian Linkages in Arid Lands. Streams and Ground Waters, Academic Press, pp 111-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012389845-6/50005-3
Méndez-Toribio M, Zermeño-Hernández I, Ibarra-Manríquez G (2014) Effect of land use on the structure and diversity of riparian vegetation in the Duero river watershed in Michoacán, Mexico. Plant Ecology 215(3): 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258- 014-0297-z
Monteiro JAF, Kamali B, Srinivasan R, Abbaspour K, Gücker B (2016) Modelling the effect of riparian vegetation restoration on sediment transport in a human-impacted Brazilian catchment. Ecohydrology 9(7): 1289-1303. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1726
Naiman RJ, Decamps H (1990) The ecology and management of aquatic-terrestrial ecotones, 4th ed. UNESCO, Parthenon
Naiman J, Decamps H, McClain ME (2007) Riparia — Ecology, Conservation and Management of Streamside Communities, 1st ed, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Elsevier Academic Press, London. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.777
Olden JD, Naiman RJ (2010) Incorporating thermal regimes into environmental flows assessments: modifying dam operations to restore freshwater ecosystem integrity. Freshwater Biology 55(1): 86-107
Özbucak T, Kutbay GH (2008) The flora of lower parts of Melet River (Ordu). Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 2(3): 79-88
Özcan AU (2018) Step bölgede mammalia sınıfı yaban hayvanları ile araç çarpışmalarının modellenmesi : Kırıkkale-Çankırı Karayolu örneği. Bartın Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Bartın, 119 s
Özcan AU, Özkazanç NK (2020) Evaluation of the effect of environmental factors on wildlife roadkill in Central Turkey. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 19(12): 2197-2204. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2020.207
Özdeniz E, Kurt L, Bergmeier E (2017) Syntaxonomical analysis of the riparian vegetation of the Porsuk River (Eskişehir-Kütahya/Turkey). Turkish Journal of Botany 41(6): 609-619. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1704-1
Patten DT (1998) Riparian ecosystems of semi-arid North America: Diversity and human impacts. Wetlands 18(4): 498-512. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161668
Perry LG, Andersen DC, Reynolds LV, Nelson SM, Shafroth PB (2012) Vulnerability of riparian ecosystems to elevated CO 2 and climate change in arid and semiarid western North America. Global Change Biology 18(3): 821-842. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2486.2011.02588.x
Pimentel D, Berger B, Filiberto D, Newton M, Wolfe B, Karabinakis E, Clark S, Poon E, Abbett E, Nandagopal S (2007) Water resources: Agricultural and environmental issues. Food, Energy, and Society, Third Edition, 54: 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420046687
Poff NL, Zimmerman JKH (2010) Ecological responses to altered flow regimes: A literature review to inform the science and management of environmental flows. Freshwater Biology 55(1): 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02272.x
Qian J, Liu J, Wang P, Wang C, Hu J, Li K, Lu B, Tian X, Guan W (2018) Effects of riparian land use changes on soil aggregates and organic carbon. Ecological Engineering 112: 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.12.015
Richard T, Forman T, Deblinger RD (2000) The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (U.S.A.) suburban highway. Conservation Biology 14(1): 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523- 1739.2000.99088.x
Ricker MC, Donohue SW, Stolt MH, Zavada MS (2012) Development and application of multi-proxy indices of land use change for riparian soils in southern New England, USA. Ecological Applications 22(2): 487-501. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1640.1
Risser PG (1990) The ecological importance of land - water ecotones, in: Naiman, R.J., Decamps, H. (Eds.), The Ecology and Management of Aquatic- Terretrial Ecotones. UNESCO Paris, Parthenon, Parthenon, pp 7-21
Salo JA, Theobald DM, Brown TC (2016) Evaluation of Methods for Delineating Riparian Zones in a Semi-Arid Montane Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 52(3): 632- 647. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12414
Sweeney BW, Bott TL, Jackson JK, Kaplan LA, Newbold JD, Standley LJ, Hession WC, Horwitz RJ (2004) Riparian deforestation, stream narrowing, and loss of stream ecosystem services. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 101(39): 14132-14137. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405895101
Tabacchi E, Lambs L, Guilloy H, Planty-Tabacchi AM, Muller E, Decamps H (2000) Impacts of riparian vegetation on hydrological processes. Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (OATAO). Hydrological Processes 14: 2959-2976. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099- 1085(200011/12)14
Türkeş M, Öztaş T, Tercan E, Erpul G, Karagöz A, Dengiz O, Doğan O, Şahin K, Avcıoğlu B (2020) Desertification vulnerability and risk assessment for Turkey via an analytical hierarchy process model. Land Degradation and Development 31(2): 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3441
Tuttu G, Akkemik Ü (2017) Çankırı-Korubaşı tepe ve civarındaki jipsli alanların florası. Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi 24(1): 45-88
USGS (2020) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center
USGS [WWW Document]. USGS EROS Archive-Sentinel-2. URL https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/usgs-eros-archive- sentinel-2?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt- science_center_objects
Uzuner Ç, Dengiz O (2020) Desertification risk assessment in Turkey based on environmentally sensitive areas. Ecological Indicators 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106295
Yazici N, İnan B (2020) Determination of Temporal Change in Land Use by Geographical Information Systems The Case of Çandir Village of Turkey,” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 29(5),pp 3579-3593.
Yılmaz E, Çiçek İ (2016) Thornthwaite climate classification of Turkey
Türkiye Thornthwaite iklim sınıflandırması. Journal of Human Sciences 13(3): 3973-3994. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i3.3994
Zaimes G (2007) Defining Arizona’s Riparian Areas and their Importance to the Landscape, in: Zaimes, G. (Ed.), Understanding Arizona Riparian Areas. The University of Arizona, Arizona, pp 1– 14