Seyfi Başkan

18. ve 19. YÜZYILLARDA OSMANLI ÜLKESİNE SEYAHAT: “TAHAYYÜL VE TASAVVUR”

Ortaçağdan bu yana, Anadolu ve çevresinde Türk toprakları, özellikle komşu Arap, Bizans ve Avrupalı seyyahlar için cazip bir coğrafya olmuştur. Temelde merak duygusuyla ancak bazen de siyasal, askeri, ekonomik ve dinsel nedenlerle yapılan bu eski seyahatler esas olarak, izlenimlerin, görülenlerin ve elbette yaşanılan deneyimlerin aktarılması amacına yöneliktir. Bu amaçlarla yapılan seyahatlerin her türlü, tespitlerinin aktarıldığı seyahatnameler de bu bakımdan sadece tarih yazımı için değil pek çok alanda yararlanılabilecek önemli kaynaklardan birisini oluştururlar. Özellikle bu seyahatnameler, sosyo-ekonomik, sosyo-kültürel ve düşünce tarihi yazımı için önemli metinlerdir. 16. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı-Türk topraklarına karşı yoğunlaştığı görülen Avrupa toplumlarının ilgisi, özellikle, bu toplumlarda 17. ve 18. yüzyıllarda gelişen, akılcı düşünceyi, eski, geleneksel, değişmez kabul edilen varsayımlardan, ön yargılardan ve ideolojilerden özgürleştirmeyi ve yeni bilgiye yönelik kabulü geliştirmeyi amaçlayan Aydınlanma Çağı ortamını takiben bu ilgi artmıştır. Ancak, aynı süreçte gelişen kendinden olmayana karşı sosyo-kültürel ve siyasal açıdan dışlayıcı ve inkârcı bir tavır olarak kimlik kazanan, “diğer” olandan kendilerini farklı ve üstün görmeye başlayan sömürgeciliği ve merkantilizmi politik sistem olarak benimseyen, sosyo-kültürel ve siyasal tavrın yani Oryantalizm’in “Aydınlanma Çağı” veya “felsefesiyle” hiçbir ortak noktası yoktur. Pek çok düşünüre göre “Oryantalizm”, Avrupa’nın kendi kimliğini oluşturtabilmesi için “öteki”ne duyduğu ihtiyaçtan kaynaklanmıştır ve bu “öteki”, “Doğu” olarak işaretlenmiştir. Bu makalede, 16. yüzyıl Osmanlı Yeniçağı ortalarından 19. yüzyıl başlarına kadar Osmanlı ülkesini ziyaret etmiş, bu seyahatini yazdığı metinle olarak olduğu kadar Türk sanat tarihi için son derece önemli resimlerle belgelemiş bazı seyyahlar, eserleri ve bu seyahatleri görselleştiren bir takım özel örnekler tanıtılarak sanat tarihi perspektifinden değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, 18-19. yüzyıllar, Avrupalı Seyyahlar, Seyahatnameler, Ressamlar

A JOURNEY TO THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE “IDEATIONS AND ENVISIONS”

Since the Middle Ages, Anatolia and the surrounding Turkish lands have been an attractive geography, especially for neighbouring Arab, Byzantine and European travellers. These old travels, which were made mainly out of curiosity but sometimes for political, military, economic and religious reasons, were mainly aimed at conveying impressions, what was seen and, of course, what was experienced. In this respect, travelogues, in which all kinds of observations of the journeys made for these purposes are recorded, constitute one of the important sources that can be used not only for historiography but also in many other fields. Especially these travelogues are important texts for socio-economic, socio-cultural and intellectual history. From the 16th century onwards, European societies' interest in the Ottoman-Turkish lands intensified, especially following the Age of Enlightenment that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, which aimed to liberate rational thought from old, traditional, unchangeable assumptions, prejudices and ideologies, and to improve the acceptance of new knowledge. However, the socio-cultural and political attitude, i.e. Orientalism, which developed in the same process, which gained identity as a socio-cultural and political exclusionist and denialist attitude towards the non-self, which adopted colonialism and mercantilism as a political system, which began to see themselves as different and superior to the “other”, has nothing in common with the “Age of Enlightenment” or “philosophy”. According to many thinkers, “Orientalism” originated from Europe's need for an ‘other’ in order to create its own identity, and this “other” was labelled as the “East”. In this article, some travellers who visited the Ottoman country from the mid-16th century Ottoman New Age to the beginning of the 19th century and documented their travels not only with texts but also with paintings that are extremely important for the history of Turkish art, their works and some special examples that visualise these travels will be introduced and evaluated from the perspective of art history.

Keywords:

Ottoman Empire, 18th-19th Centuries, European Travellers, Travelogues, Painters,

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