Jude S. Awoke, Peter J. Nkwuda, Joseph N. Nwakpa

Histological Changes in Liver and Kidney of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Juvenile Exposed to Sub-lethal Doses of Chloramphenicol (CAP)

A 70 days study was carried out on the effect of Chloramphenicol (CAP) on the liver and kidney tissues of Clarias gariepinus juveniles using static renewal bioassay techniques. Two hundred and seventy fish with mean length 7.39±39cm and mean weight 12.37±65g were exposed to sub lethal concentrations of chloramphenicol. Sublethal concentrations used were T1 (20 mg/l), T2 (40 mg/l), T3 (60 mg/l), T4 (80 mg/l) and T5 (100 mg/l) while T0 (0mg/l) served as the control. The liver and kidney wereremoved for histopathological examinations. Observed histopathological changes in the liver and kidney were intra-hepatic hemorrhage, hypertrophic hepatocytes, tissuedegeneration, cytoplasmic vacoulation, cellular necrosis, occlusion of tubular lumen, expansion of glomerulus, reduction of Bowman’s space. Effect was most severe at the highest concentration (100 mg/l). Observed abnormalities in the liver and kidney ofClarias gariepinus juveniles illustrate the suitability of Clarias gariepinus in toxicitytrials of antibiotics.

PDF

___

Abdelhamid, A.M., & El-Ayouty, S.A. (1991). Effect on catfish Clarias lazera composition of ingestion comparing water contaminated with lead or aluminum compounds. Arch Tierernahr. 41(7-8): 757-763. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1789741
Al-Yousuf, M.H., El-Shahawi, M.S., & Al-Ghais, S.M. (2000). Trace metals in liver, skin and muscle of Lethrinus lentjan fish species in relation to body length an pharmacokinetics and residues of chloramphenicol in the chicken. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology, 17(1): 52-58.
Amrevuawho, M.O., Akinyemi, A.A., Oyewusi, J.A., Bankole, O.M., & Ezeri, G.N.O. (2016). Effects of onion (Allium cepa) and chloramphenicol on haematological parameters, histopathology and survival of catfish , Clarias gariepinus (Burchel 1822) sub adult infected with Pseudomonas aerugonosa. Vom Journal of Veterinary Science, 11: 1- 12. http//doi.org/98.1479032521
Angulo, F.J. (2000). Antimicrobial agents in aquaculture: potential impact on health. APUA Newsletter. 18: 1-6.
APHA (American Public Health Association), (2002). StandardMethods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington DC. https://www.mwa.co.th/download/file_upload/SMWW _1000-3000.pdf.
Bancroft, J.D., & Stephen, A. (1990). Theory and Practice of histological techniques, 3rd Edition. London. Medical Division of Longman Group, 1372 pp.
Braunbeck, T., Storch, V., & Bresch, H. (1990). Species-specific reaction of liver ultrastructure in zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio and trout, Salmo gairdneri after prolonged exposure to 4-chloroaniline. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 19: 405-418. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01054986
Byzkowski, J. (1976). The mode of action of P, PDDT on mammalian mitochondria. Toxicology, 6, 309-314. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030 0483X76900342
Camargo, M.M.P., & Martinez, C.B.R. (2007). Histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of a Neotropical fish caged in an urban stream. Neotropical Ichthyology, 5(3): 327-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252007000300013
Dienye, H.E., & Olumuji, O.K. (2014). Growth performance and haematological responses of African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus fed dietary levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal Net Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(2): 79-88.
Fanta, E., Rios, F. S., Romao, S., Vianna, A.C.C., & Freiberger, S.(2003). Histopathology of the fish Corydoras paleatus contaminated with sublethal levels of organophosphorus in water and food. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 54: 119-130. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12550089
Faturoti, E.O. (1989). Effects of supplementary feeding and organic manuring on the production of African Catfish; Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1922), Journal of West African Fisheries, 4: 187-195.
Figueiredo-Fernandes, A., Ferreira-Cardoso, J.V., GarciaSantos, S., Monteiro, S.M., Carrola, J., Matos, P., & Fontaínhas-Fernandes, A. (2007). Histopathological changes in liver and gill epithelium of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus exposed to waterborne copper. Pesq. Vet. Bras., 27(3): 103-109. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pvb/v27n3/04.pdf
Gernhofer, M.M, Pawet, M., Schramm, M., Müller, E., & Triebskorn, R. (2001). Ultrastructural biomarkers as tools to characterize the health status of fish in contaminated streams. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem, Stress and Recovery, 8(22): 241-260. doi: 10.1023/A:1012958804442.
Gingerich, W.H. (1982). Hepatic toxicology of fishes. In Aquatic toxicology, (Ed L.J. Weber). New York, Raven press, 55 pp.
Hibiya, T. (1982). An Atlas of Fish Histology: Normal and Pathological Features. Japan: Kodansha Ltd, 82-90 pp.
Hinton, D.E., & Lauren, D.J. (1990). Liver structural alterations accompanying chronic toxicity in fishes: potential biomarkers of exposure. In J.F. McCarthy & L.R. Shugart (Eds.), Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination (pp.17-52) Lewis Publishers, 445 pp.
Hunter, J.B., Ross, S.L., & Tannahill, J. (1980). Aluminium pollution and fish toxicity. Journal of water Pollution Control Federation, 79, 413-420. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 12/documents/aluminum-final-national-recommendedawqc
Jonathan, P., & Nicolas, V. (2005). Household disposal of pharmaceuticals as a pattern for aquatic contamination in the United Kingdom. Environmental Health Perspective, 113, 1705-1711. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13149 09/
Joseph, P.V., & Nimmy, M.V. (2018). Effect of lead nitrate on the histopathology of the gill, liver and kidney of the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala, European Journal of Pharmaceutical, 5(2): 416-420.
Manoraham, S. (2014). Pharmaceutical residues in India: Impact on aquatic environment. Current science 107(10): 1634-1635.
Mollendroff, T. (1973). Cytology and cell physiology. 3rd Edition. New York. Academic Press, 234 pp.
Pacheco, M., & Santos, M.A. (2002). Biotransformation, genotoxic and histopathological effects of environmental contaminants in European eel Aquilla aquilla. Ecotoxity and Environmental Safety, 53: 331- 347. https://media.dojmt.gov/wp-content/uploads/nrdpyellowstone-restoration.pdf
Peebuaa, P., Kruatrachuea, M., Pokethitiyooka, P., & Kosiyachindaa, P. (2006). Histological Effects of Contaminated Sediments in Mae Klong River Tributaries, Thailand, on Niletilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Science Asia, 32: 143-150. http://scienceasia.org/2006.32.n2/v32_143_150.pdf
Rahman, M.Z., Hossain, Z., Mullah, M.F.R., & Ahmed, G.U.(2002). Effects of diazinon 60EC on Anabus testudineus, Channa punctatus and Barbades gomonotus, NAGA. The ICLARMS Quarterly, 25: 811-815.
Rodrigues, E.L., & Fanta, E. (1998). Liver histopathology of the fish Brachydanio rerio after acute exposure to sublethal levels of the organophosphate Dimetoato 500. RevistaBrasileira de Zoologia, 15: 441-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751998000200014
Rosseland, B.O., Eldhuset, T.D., & Staurnes, M. (1990). Environmental effects of aluminum. Environmental and Geochemical Health, 12: 17-27.
Sarwer, Md. G., Rony, Md. M.H., Sharmin, MSt. S., Chowdhury, A.K.J., & Bhowmik, S. (2017). ELISA validation and determination of cut-off level for chloramphenicol (CAP) residues in shrimp and fish. Our Nature 15(1-2): 13-18. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v15i1-2.18789
Sanad, S.M., El-Nahass, E.M., Abdel-Gawad, A.M., & Aldeeb,M. (1997). Histochemical studies on the liver of mice following chronic administration of sodium barbitone. Journal of Zoological Sciences, 22(C): 127-165.
Saravpreet, K., Kuldeep, S.K., & Jasjit, K.K. (2018). Heavy metal induced histopathological alterations in liver, muscle and kidney of freshwater cyprinid, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6(2): 2137- 2144.
Solbe, J.F. (1995). Fresh Water. In P. Collins (ed), Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Osneymeed: Black Well Science Ltd. 683pp.
Takashima, F., & Hibiya, T. (1995). An Atlas of Fish Histology: Normal and pathogical features, 2nd ed. Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd, 45 pp.
Teugels, G., Sudarto, G., & Pouyaud, L. (2001). Description of a New Clarias Species from Southeast Asia Based on Morphological and Genetical Evidence (Siluriformes, Clariidae) Zoological Studies 25(1): 81–92. Thophon, S.M., Kruatrachue, E.S., Upathan, P., Pokethitiyook,
S., Sahaphong, S., & Jarikhuan, C. (2003). Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcarifer in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure. Environmental Pollution, 121: 307-320.
Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J., & Vermulen, N.P.E. (2003). Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: A review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 13: 57-149. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21782649