Clinical characteristics and treatment approaches in patients with post-cholecystectomy syndrome due to remnant gallbladder
Clinical characteristics and treatment approaches in patients with post-cholecystectomy syndrome due to remnant gallbladder
Aim: A remnant gallbladder is a rare problem encountered in the diagnosis and treatment of the post-cholecystectomy syndrome.This study aimed to evaluate the clinical features and treatment modalities of patients with a symptomatic remnant gallbladder aftercholecystectomy.Material and Methods: The data of 11 patients who were operated following the diagnosis of a remnant gallbladder between January2013 and January 2019 were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment management, laparoscopyto open conversion rate and hospital stay were evaluated.Results: The median age was 55.3 years (range, 36 to 77 years), and the male/female ratio was 1/10. Right upper quadrant pain andjaundice were the most common symptoms. The time interval between cholecystectomy and symptom recurrence was 46.8 (range,1 to 420) months. A remnant gallbladder was determined by ultrasonography in seven patients (63.6%) and by magnetic resonancecholangiopancreatography in 11 patients (100%). Preoperatively, ERCP was performed in six patients due to suspicion of stones inthe main bile duct, except for the remnant gallbladder. Complementary cholecystectomy was performed by laparoscopically in sevenpatients, and only four patients had a conversion to open surgery. The median duration of hospital stay was four days (range, 2 to9 days).Conclusion: The remnant gallbladder, which is the rare and a cause of the post-cholecystectomy syndrome, is a pathology thatshould be considered in patients with postoperative symptoms. Patients with a symptomatic remnant gallbladder should be treatedwith a multidisciplinary approach, including a careful choice of imaging modalities and surgical or endoscopic treatment methods.
___
- 1. Isherwood J, Oakland K, Khanna A. A systematic review of
the aetiology and management of post cholecystectomy
syndrome. The Surgeon 2018;17:33-42.
- 2. Womack NA, Crider R. The persistence of symptoms
following cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 1947;126:31-55.
- 3. Redwan AA. Multidisciplinary approaches for management
of postcholecystectomy problems (surgery, endoscopy, and
percutaneous approaches) Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan
Tech 2009;19:459-69.
- 4. Jaunoo SS, Mohandas S, Almaond LM. Post cholecystectomy
syndrome (PCS). Int J Surg 2010;8:15-7.
- 5. Greenfield NP, Azziz AS, Jung AJ, et al. Imaging late
complications of cholecystectomy. Clin Imaging
2012;36:763-7.
- 6. Terhaar OA, Abbas S, Thornton FJ, et al. Imaging patients
with “post-cholecystectomy syndrome”: an algorithmic
approach. Clin Radiol 2005;60:78-84.
- 7. Wani NA, Khan NA, Shah AI, et al. Post-cholecystectomy
Mirizzi’s syndrome: magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography demonstration. Saudi J
Gastroenterol 2010;16:295-8.
- 8. Chowbey P, Sharma A, Goswami A, et al. Residual gallbladder
stones after cholecystectomy: A literature review. J Minim
Access Surg 2015;11:223-30.
- 9. Shirah BH, Shirah HA, Zafar SH, et al. Clinical patterns
of postcholecystectomy syndrome. Ann Hepatobiliary
Pancreat Surg 2018;22:52-7.
- 10. Sepe PS, Berzin TM, Sanaka S, et al. Single-operator
cholangioscopy for the extraction of cystic duct stones. GIE
2012;25:206-10.
- 11. Palanivelu C, Rajan PS, Jani K, et al. Laparoscopic
cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients: the role of subtotal
cholecystectomy and its variants. J Am Coll Suery
2006;203:145-6.
- 12. Parmar AK, Khandelwal RG, Mathew MJ, et al. Laparoscopic
completion cholecystectomy: a retrospective study of 40
cases. Asian J Endosc Surg 2013;6:96-9.
- 13. Gurel M, Sare M, Gurer S, et al. Laparoscopic removal of a
gallbladder remnant. Surg Laprosc Endosc 1995;5:410-11.
- 14. Glenn F, McSherry CK. Secondary abdominal operations
for symptoms following biliary tract surgery. Surg Gynecol
Obstet 1965;121:979-88.
- 15. Rogy MA, Függer R, Herbst F, et al. Reoperation after
cholecystectomy: the role of the cystic duct stump. HPB
Suerg 1991;4:129-34.
- 16. Demettriades H, Pramateftakis MG, Kanellos I, et al. Retained
gallbladder remnant after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J
Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2008;18:276-9.
- 17. Xing J, Rochester J, Reiter BP, et al. A phantom gallbladder
on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
WorldJ Gastroenterol 2007;13:6274-76.
- 18. Hellmig S, Katsoulis S, Fölsch U. Symptomatic
cholecystolithiasis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Surg Endosc 2004;18:347.
- 19. Daly TD, Martin CJ, Cox MR. Residual gallbladder and cystic
duct stones after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ANZ J
Surg 2002;72:375-77.
- 20. Ji W, Li LT, Li JS. Role of laparoscopic subtotal
cholecystectomy in the treatment of complicated
cholecystitis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2006;5:584-9.
- 21. Philips JA, Lawes DA, Cook AJ, et al. The use of laparoscopic
subtotal cholecystectomy for complicated cholelithiasis.
Surg Endosc 2008;22:1697-700.
- 22. Michalowski K, Bornman PC, Krige JE, et al. Laparoscopic
subtotal cholecystectomy in patients with complicated
acute cholecystitis or fibrosis. Br J Surg 1998;85:904-6.
- 23. Sinha I, Smith ML, Safranek P, et al. Laparoscopic subtotal
cholecystectomy without cystic duct ligation. Br J Surg
2008;95:534.
- 24. Horiuchi A, Watanabe Y, Doi T, et al. Delayed laparoscopic
subtotal cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis with severe
fibrotic adhesions. Surg Endosc 2008;22:2720-23.
- 25. Moody FG. Postcholecystectomy syndromes. Ann Surg
1987;19:205-20.
- 26. Kohga A, Suzuki K, Okumura T, et al. Calculus left in remnant
gallbladder cause long-term complications in patients
undergoing subtotal cholecystectomy. HPB (Oxford)
2019;21:508-14.
- 27. Lidsky ME, Speicher PJ, Ezekian B, et al. Subtotal
cholecystectomy for the hostile gallbladder: failure to
control the cystic duct results in significant morbidity. HPB
2017;19:547-56.
- 28. Beldi G, Glättli A. Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy
for severe cholecystitis. Surg Endosc 2003;17:1437-9.
- 29. Elshaer M, Gravante G, Thomas K, et al. Subtotal
cholecystectomy for “difficult gallbladders”: systematic
review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg 2015;150:159-68.
- 30. Kim JY, Kim KW, Ahn CS, et al. Spectrum of biliary
and nonbiliary complications after laparoscopic
cholecystectomy: Radiologic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol
2008;191:783-89.
- 31. Somak Das S, Gopakumar C, Swain S, et al. Symptomatic
cystic duct stump lithiasis 21years after cholecystectomy.
Double Blind Peer Rev. Int Res J 2015;15:1-4.
- 32. Chowbey PK, Bandyopadhyay SK, Sharma A, et al.
Laparoscopic reintervention for residual gallstone disease.
Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2003;13:31-5.
- 33. Li LB, Cai XJ, Mou YP, et al. Reoperation of biliary tract
by laparoscopy: Experiences with 39 cases. World J
Gastroenterol 2008;14:3081-84.