ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİSİNDE BİLİMSEL REALİZM VE YAPI KAVRAMI

Yapı kavramı hem sosyal teorinin hem de Uluslararası İlişkiler (Uİ) teorisinin kilit kavramlarından biri olduğu halde, tanımı üzerindeki anlaşmazlık sürmektedir. Bu anlaşmazlığın temelinde, sadece metodolojik tercihler değil, yapıyı kavramsallaştırmanın altına yatan ontolojik sorunlar yatmaktadır. Uİ teorisinde yapı kavramı sosyal teorideki tartışmalar ışığında yeniden kavramsallaştırma konusunda Alexander Wendt’in yaklaşımı öne çıkmıştır. Wendt yapıyı kavramsallaştırma konusunda yapılanma teorisine dayanırken, onu Bhaskar’ın çalışmalarıyla ilişkilendirilen bilimsel realizmden türeyen yapı kavrayışını içerecek biçimde geniş olarak yorumlamıştır. Bu makale, Wendt’in varsaydığı bilimsel realizm ve yapı kavramı arasındaki ilişkiyi sorunsallaştırarak, bilimsel realizmden türetilen bir yapı kavramsallaştırmasının zorunlu olarak yapılanma teorisindeki gibi yapı ve failin karşılıklı bağımlılığını savlayan bir yapı kavrayışına götürmeyeceğini öne sürmektedir. Çalışma ayrıca farklı yapı kavramsallaştırmaları altında farklı ontolojik varsayımların yattığının altını çizerek, bilimsel realizmin katmanlı ontoloji kavrayışı sayesinde indirgemeci olmayan bir yapı kavramsallaştırmasının geliştirilmesi konusunda Uİ’de önemli olanaklar sunduğunu gösterme çabasındadır.

Scientific Realism and the Concept of Structure in International Relations Theory

Despite the concept of structure is regarded as one of the key concepts in both social theory and International Relations (IR) theory, the dispute over its definition continues. On the foundation of this dispute lie not only methodological preferences, but also the very ontological problems underlying the conceptualizations of structure. In IR theory Alexander Wendt’s approach to reconceptualizing the concept of structure in the light of the debates in social theory has come into prominence. While Wendt in his endeavor to conceptualize structure is based on the theory of structuration, he broadly interprets it as including as well the structure conception deriving from scientific realism associated with Bhaskar’s work. This article, by questioning the relationship between scientific realism and the concept of structure as conceived by Wendt, suggests that a conceptualization of structure derived from scientific realism does not necessarily lead to a conception of structure that envisages the mutual dependence of structure and agency as found in the theory of structuration. The article also underlines the different ontological assumptions underlying different structure conceptualizations and tries to show that scientific realism, due to its conception of a stratified ontology, offers important possibilities for the development of a non-reductive structure conceptualization in IR.

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