Seçimlerin Güvenliği Bağlamında Posta ya da Mektup Yoluyla Oylamanın Kritiği

Posta yoluyla oylama, günümüz demokrasilerinde yaygınlığı giderek artan alternatif uzaktan oylama yöntemlerinden biri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Buna karşın bu yöntem gerek yabancı gerekse Türkçe literatürde gerektiği ilgiyi henüz görmemiştir. Bu çalışma posta oylamasının uygulayıcı ülkelerde sorun olarak karşılaşılan ve seçimlerin güvenliğine tehdit oluşturabilecek risklerini karşılaştırmalı bir yöntemle mercek altına almaktadır. Bunun için, çalışma öncelikle posta oylamasının diğer alternatif yöntemlerden ayrışan ana yapısal karakterini ele almıştır. Ardından AB üye ülkeleri ve ABD eyaletleri özelinde bu oylama yönteminin kapsamı ve kimlerin yararlanabildiği tespit edilmiştir. Oylama yöntemlerini birbirinden ayırt etmemize yarayacak üç unsurlu bir çözümleme önerdikten sonra, posta oylamasına özgü yine üç adet sorun kaynağı ortaya konmuştur. Bunlar vasıta zorunluluğu, zaman boşluğu ve kontrol boşluğu. Her bir sorun kaynağı, ülkelerin uygulamaları ve sıkça karşılaşılan sorunlar ışığında incelenmiştir. Posta oylamasında kimi sorunlar temelden çözülebilecek nitelikte görünmekteyken, bazılarıysa devamlı düzeyde tehlike arz etmeye uygun yapıda bulunmuştur. Özellikle gizli oy ilkesinin üçüncü kişilere karşı boyutuyla mutlak şekilde korunması yöntemin olağan akışı içinde mümkün görünmemektedir.

The Critique of Postal or Mail Voting in terms of Election Security

Postal voting is one of alternative remote voting methods, of which prevalence gradually increases among the contemporary democracies. That said, to date, it has not received the attention that it deserves-in Turkish and international research literature. This study seeks to examine the risks of postal voting experienced where it is operated and of the threats to which it pose to the integrity of elections. To do so, the study at first focuses on the main structural characteristic which distinguishes the postal voting from the others. Then, the scope of this voting method among the EU member states and the states of USA in particular is identified. After I recommend a three-constituent analysis which help us differentiate each method from the rest, three sources of problem as intrinsic to postal voting are argued. These are the necessity of an agency, time gap and control gap. Each source of problem is assessed in light of the experiences of the countries and the problems which are often encountered. While some problems of postal voting appears to be figured out permanently, some were found to be in the nature always posing a threat. The absolute protection of the secrecy of the vote against the third persons in particular does not seem to be viable under the usual operation of the method.

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