AKBABALAR DİKİLİTAŞI: SÜMER ŞEHİR DEVLETLERİNİN ARALARINDAKİ HUKUKA DAİR ÇIKARIMLAR

Tarihe ilk medeniyet olarak düşülen Sümer şehir devletleri arasındaki ilişkileri düzenleyen kurumlar, kurallar ve teamüller günümüzdeki devletlerarası hukukun birçok kurumunun temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bir Sümer kitabesi olan ve Milattan Önce 3. binyıldan bugüne ulaşan Akbabalar Dikilitaşı, üzerindeki yazılar ve tasvirlerle tarihten sanata, dinden siyaset tarihine farklı alanlar için birçok veri sunmaktadır. Lagaş kralı E-anatum tarafından hazırlatıldığı kabul edilen söz konusu kraliyet yazıtı, devletlerarası hukuk tarihi açısından da günümüze ulaşmış en eski belge olarak kabul edilmektedir. Umma ve Lagaş şehir devletleri arasında 150 yılı aşkın süren sınır ve su sorunundan bir kesit sunmakta olan tek taraflı söz konusu bu anlatı, bir çok uluslararası hukuk kural ve kurumuna dair veriler sunmaktadır. Makalede, bugüne kadar gerek Batı’da gerekse Türkiye’de yayımlanmış bazı uluslararası hukuk ders kitaplarının uluslararası hukuk tarihi bölümünde bahsedilen Akbabalar Dikilitaşı uluslararası hukuk tarihi çerçevesinde incelenecektir. Kitabede yer alan tasvirler ve yazının imkân verdiği oranda şehir devletleri arasındaki hukuk, tanrı ile kral ve tanrı ile şehir devleti ilişkisi, sınır ve su sorunu, savaş, antlaşmaların yapılması, ihlali ve söz konusu antlaşmalarda edimin yerine getirilmemesi durumunda uygulanacak müeyyideler, uyuşmazlığın barışçıl yolla çözülmesi için üçüncü bir devleti devreye sokma, devletlerarası ilişkilerde farklı görünümde ortaya çıkan törenler gibi birçok devletlerarası hukuk kuralı incelenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

uluslararası hukuk tarihi, uluslararası antlaşmalar hukuku, Sümer şehir devletleri, bölgesel devletlerarası hukuk, kutsal savaş

STELE OF VULTURES: INFERENCES REGARDING THE LAW AMONG THE SUMERIAN CITY STATES

The institutions, norms and customs regulating the relations among the Sumerian city states which are deemed to be the first civilization in the history are the basis of many institutions of the current international law. The Stele of Vultures which is a Sumerian inscription that survived from the 3rd century BCE, presents a great amount of data with its inscription and depiction in various fields from history to art, religion to history of politics. The royal inscription which is accepted to be prepared by Lagash king E-anatum, is accepted to be the oldest document related to the history of international law. This single-sided historical narrative which presents a part of the boundary and water dispute between the Lagas and Umma city states that lasted over 150 years provides data on many norms and institutions of international law. In the article Stele of Vultures, which is mentioned in the history of international law part of some of the international law textbooks published in West and Turkey will be analyzed from the viewpoint of the history of international law. In the article within the bounds of possibility of the depictions and inscriptions, various rules of international law such as the law between the city states, deity – king and deity – city state relationship, boundary and water dispute, war, signing of treaties, breach of treaties, the sanctions which are applied in the event of nonfulfillment of the deed of the treaty, peaceful settlement of disputes and ceremony which emerges in different forms in interstate relations will be examined.

Keywords:

history of international law, law of treaties, Sumerian city-states, regional international law, just war,

PDF

___

Cone of Entemena: Claire, I. Cone of Enmetena, king of Lagash. https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cone-enmetena-king-lagash.
E-anatum Akbabalar Dikilitaşı: Patrick, P. (n.d.a). Stele of vultures. https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/stele-vultures.
E-anatum Boulder: Cooper, J. S. (1983). Reconstructing History from Ancient Inscriptions: The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict (SANE2/1). Undena Publications. s. 48.
E-anatum Kil Vazo Yazıtı: Cooper, J. S. (1983). Reconstructing History from Ancient Inscriptions: The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict (SANE2/1). Undena Publications. s. 48.
Mesalim’in Topuz Yazıtı: Patrick, P. (n.d.b). Mace head of King Mesilim. https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mace-head-king-mesilim.
Ago, R. (1982). The First International Communities in the Mediterranean World. British Yearbook of International Law 53(1), 213-232.
Akpınarlı, N. (2018). Narām-Sîn Antlaşması. Ankara Üni. Hukuk Fak. Dergisi 67(1), 1-22.
Alster, B. (2003-2004). Images and Text on the Stele of the Vultures. Archiv für Orientforschung, 50, 1-10.
Altman, A. (2012). Tracing the Earliest Recorded Concepts of International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Andreoni, M. (2016). Vultures: Exegesis of Symbol. Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 3(4), 5-9.
Asher-Greve, J & Sweeney, D. (2020, 5 Mayıs). On Nakedness, Nudity, and Gender in Egyptian and Mesopotamian Art. https://www.mers.be/FILES/asher.pdf.
Averbeck, R. E. (2014). The Third Millennium Temple War and Peace in History and Religion. In H. Neumann, R. Dittmann, S. Paulus, G. Neumann & A. Schuster-Brandis (Ed.), Krieg und Frieden im Alten Vorderasien (pp. 41-67). Ugarit-Verlag.
Bahrani, Z. (2000). Rituals of War: the Body and Violence in Mesopotamia. Zobe Books.
Bairoch, P. (1982). International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980. The Journal of European Economic History 2, 269-333.
Baker, S. S. (1893). Halleck’s International Law, Cilt I. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co. Ltd.
Bederman, D. J. (2004). International Law in Antiquity. Cambridge University Press.
Beitollahi, A. (2020, Nisan 12). From Village Community to City State. www.dvsd.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=2039&dataid=1738&FileName=CH2.pdf.
Bodi, Daniel. (1991). The Book of Ezekiel and the Poem of Erra. Universitätsverlag Freiburg.
Bottero, J. (2008). Gılgamış Destanı. YKY.
Bozkurt, E., Poyraz, Y. & Erdal, S. (2018). Devletler Hukuku. Legem Yayıncılık.
Buzan, B & Little, R. (2000) International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations. Oxford University Press.
Buzan, B., & Little, R. (2000). International Systems in World History. Oxford University Press.
Cairnes, J. E. (1973). Political Essays. Macmillan and Co.
Cameron, G. G. (1936). History of Early Iran. The University of Chicago Press.
Clapham, A. (2012). Brierly’s Law of Nations. Oxford University Press.
Cooper, J. S. (1983). Reconstructing History from Ancient Inscriptions: The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict (SANE2/1). Undena Publications.
Cooper, J. S. (2003) International Law in the Third Millenium. In R. Westbrook (Ed.), A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law (pp. 241-251). Brill.
Crawford, H. (2015). Sümer ve Sümerler. Arkadaş Yayınevi.
Crawford, J. (2008). Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law. Oxford University Press.
Cyril, J. (1971). City of Babylonia. In I. E. S. Edwards, C. J. Gadd & N. G. L. Hammond (Ed.), The Cambridge Ancient History, Cilt 1, Bölüm 2, Early History of the Middle East (pp. 93-144) Cambridge University Press.
De Mieroop, M. V. (2016). A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC. Wiley Blackwell.
De Vattel, E. (2008) The Law of Nations. Liberty Fund, Inc.
Doğan, İ. (2013). Devletler Hukuku. Astana.
Duhaime, L. (2020, 3 Şubat) Duhaime’s Timetable of World Legal History, 2550 BC – The Treaty of Mesilim (2012). http://www.duhaime.org/LawMuseum/LawArticle-1313/2550-BC--The-Treaty-of-Mesilim.aspx.
Espak, P. (2011). The Emergence of the Concept of Divine Warfare and Theology of War in the Ancient Near East. ENDC Proceedings 14, 115-129.
Frankfort, H. (1948). Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature. University of Chicago Press.
Frayne, D. R. (2008). Presargonic Period (2700-2350 BC). University of Toronto Press.
Freire, L. G. (2013). Covenant and International Relations in the Ancient Near East: Preliminary Exploration. Antiguo Oriente 11, 129-154.
Gabriel, R. A. & Metz, K. S.. (1992). A Short History of War: The Evolution of Warfare and Weapons. Strategic Studies Institute U.S. Army War College.
Gabriel, R. A. (2002). The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Gadd, C. J. (1921). The Early Dynasties of Sumer and Akkad. Luzac & Co.
Grewe, W. G. (2000). The Epochs of International Law. De Gruyter.
Grotius, H. (2012). The Rights of War and Peace. Liberty Fund, Inc.
Günaltay, Ş. (1937). Yakın Şark. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
Hall, W. E. (1917). A Treatise on International Law. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
Hollis, D. B. (2020). Part I Foundational Issues, 1 Defining Treaties. In D. B. Hollis (Ed.), The Oxford Guide to Treaties (pp. 11-45). Oxford University Press.
Jacobsen, T. (1976). The Stele of Vulture Col. I – X. In B. L. Eichler (Ed.), Kramer Anniversary Volume, Cuneiform Studies in Honor of Samuel Noah Kramer. Neukirchner Verlag.
Kimminich, O. (1983). Einführung in das Völkerrecht. K. G. Saur.
King, L. W. (1923). A History of Sumer and Akkad. Chatto&Windus.
Klabbers, J. (2013). International Law. Cambridge University Press.
Koch, H. (2005). Elams Vertrag mit dem akkadischen König Narām-Sin, (2260– 2223 v. Chr.). In M. Lichtenstein (Ed.), Staatsverträge, Herrscherinschriften und andre Documente zur politischen Geschichte, Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments (pp. 283-287). Mohn.
Korošec, V. (1983). Der Vertrag zwischen Narām-Sin aus akkad und unbekannten Elamischen herrscher (MDp, Xi,2-11). Disertationes - XiV, acedemia Scientiarum et artium Slovenica, Clasis i: historia et Sociologia, 1 Jubljana. Slovenska ademedi jaznanost i in unetnosti.
Kramer, S. N. (1999). Sümer Mitolojisi. Kabalcı.
Kramer, S. N. (2016). Sümerler. Kabalcı.
Lau, D. (2016). Die „Geierstele“ als luhnmannsches Medium zur Legitimation des königlichen Herrschaftsanspruchs. In T. E. Balke & C. Tsouparopoulou (Ed.), Materiality of Writing in Early Mesopotamia (pp. 241-255). De Gruyter.
Leick, G. (2003). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. The Scarecrow Press.
Magid, G. (2006) Sumerian Early Dynastic Royal Inscriptions. In M. W. Chavalas (Ed.) The Ancient Near East (pp. 4-13). Blackwell Publishing.
Magnetti, D. (1978). Function of the Oath in the Ancient Near Eastern International Treaty. American Journal of International Law 72, 815-829.
McNeill, W. H. (2011). Dünya Tarihi. İmge.
Meray, Seha L. (1968). Devletler Hukukuna Giriş Cilt I,, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.
Michaeli, M. (1969). War and Society in Ancient Sumer. McGill University Department of History.
Muroi, K. (2020, 4 Mart). The Oldest example of compound interest in Sumer: Seventh power of four-thirds. https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.00330.
Nadali, D. (2014). How many Soldiers on the “Stele of the Vultures”? A Hypothetical Reconstruction. IRAQ, 76, 141-148.
Neff, S. C. (2014). Justice Among Nations: A History of International Law. Harvard University Press.
Neff, S. C. (2018). A Short History of International Law. In M. D. Evand (Ed.), International Law (pp. 3-27). Oxford University Press.
Noegel, S. B. (1993). Fictional Sumerian Autobiographies. Journal of the Association of Graduates in Near Eastern Studies 4, 46-53.
Nussbaum, A. (1954). A Concise History of The Law of Nations. The Macmillan Company.
Nussbaum, A. (1960). Geschichte des Völkerrechts in Gedrängter Darstellung. C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
Oppenheim, L. (1905). International Law. Longmans, Green, and Co.
Platon. (2018). Devlet. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Preiser, W. (1954). Zum Völkerrecht der vorklassischen Antike. Archiv des Völkerrechts 4, 257-288.
Preiser, W. (1984). History of the Law of Nations: Ancient Times to 1648. In R. Bernhardt (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Cilt 7 (pp. 132-160). North-Holland.
Selz G. J. & Niedermayer, D. (2015). The Burials After the Battle. Combining Textual and Visual Evidence. In R. Dittmann, G. J. Selz & E. Rehm (Ed.), It’s a Long Way to a Historiography of the Early Dynastic Period(s) (pp. 387-404). Ugarit-Verlag.
Shaw, M. N. (2017). International Law. Cambridge University Press.
Snell, D. (2011). Religion of Ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press.
Sollberger, E. (1957-1971). Geierstele (historisch). E. Weidner & W. von Soden (Ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie (RlA3) (pp. 194-195). Walter de Gruyter.
Stiebing, W. H. & Helft, S. N. (2018). Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture. Routledge.
Thompson, J. A. (1964). The Ancient Near Eastern Treaties and the Old Testament. The Tyndale Press.
Thureau-Dangin, F. (1907). Die sumerischen und akkadischen Königsinschriften. J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. Turani, A. (2012). Dünya Sanat Tarihi. Remzi Kitabevi.
Uygun, O. (2017). Devlet Teorisi. On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
Valette, S. E. (2020, 3 Haziran). Bronze Age Art Propaganda in Mesopatamia. http://www.angelfire.com/clone/pagenamedsam/Portfolio/paper.pdf.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, UNTS 1115, no. 18232, UN Doc. A/CONF. 39/27, s. 331 (1969) https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201155/v1155.pdf.
Vitzthum, W. G. & Proelß, A. (2016). Völkerrecht. De Gruyter.
Westbrook, R. (2003). The Character of Ancient Near Eastern Law. In R. Westbrook (Ed.), A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law (pp. 1-90). Brill.
Westenholz, A. (1970). "berūtum, damtum", and Old Akkadian KI. GAL: Burial of dead enemies in Ancient Mesopotamia. Archiv für Orientforschung, 23, 27-31.
Wheaton, H. (1964). Elements of International Law. Oceana Publications Inc. & Wildy & Sons Ltd.
Wilcke, C. (2007). Early Ancient Near Eastern Law, A History of its Beginnings the Early Dynastic and Sargonic Periods. Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Winter, I. J. (1985) After the Battle is Over: The Stele of the Vultures and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East. Studies in the History of Art 16, Symposium Papers IV: Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, 11-32.
Winter, I. J. (2010). On Art in the Ancient Near East, Cilt 2, From the Third Millennium BCE. Brill.
Wollf, C. (1934). Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
Worthington, M. (2020). Ea’s Duplicity in the Gilgamesh Flood Story. Routledge.
Yasuaki, O. (2000). When was the Law of International Society Born?–An Inquiry of the History of International Law from an Intercivilizational Perspective. Journal of the History of International Law 2(1), 1-66.
Yoffee, N. (2004). Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations. Cambridge University Press.
Zolyomi, Gabor. (2020, 5 Mart). Corrections and notes to RIME 1, (24.06.2014). http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/downloads/Corrections_RIME1.pdf.
Zouche, R. (1911). luris et ludicii Fecialis, sive, luris Inter Gentes, et Quaestionum de Eodem Explicatio. Carnegie Institution of Washington.