İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri’ne Göre 18. Yüzyılda İstanbul’daki Finansal Sistemin Tasnifi (1750-1780)

18.yüzyılda İstanbul’daki finansal sistemi değerlendirme amacındaki bu çalışma, 1750-1780 yılları arasındaki döneme ait İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri’nin tasnifine yöneliktir. Ahkâm defterlerinde yer alan kayıtlardaki hükümleri tasnif edebilmek için; (a)defter numaraları, (b)başvuru yerleri, (c)ihtilaf konuları, (d)ihtilafın tarafl arının sosyal konumları, (e)ihtilafın tarafl arının dinleri ve (f)başvuru yılları, temel analiz değişkenleri olarak seçilmiştir. Her bir hüküm, bu sistematiğe göre -öncelikle kendi içlerinde ve daha sonra da genel analize tabi tutularak- incelenmiştir.İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri Kayıtları’nda, Mart 1750-Temmuz 1779 tarihleri arasındaki dönemde, sosyal hayat ile ilgili olarak 394 tane hüküm tespit edilmiştir. 3-9 arasında yer alan ilgili Ahkâm defterindeki bu hükümlerden, en fazla kaydın 9 numaralı defterde(%26,4) yer aldığı görülmüştür. İstanbul’da yaşanan toplumsal sorunların, yoğunluklu olarak “sözleşmelerden doğan borç alacak ihtilafl arı”(%55,6) ve “vergi ihtilafl arı”(%24,1) konularıyla ilgili oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte en fazla toplumsal sorun, Haslar(%28,9) bölgesinde yaşanmıştır. Yine, Suriçi kazasında sıklıkla “vergi muafiyeti”(29 karar); Galata, Haslar ile Üsküdar kazalarında yoğunlukla “adi borç alacak ihtilafı”(sırasıyla 37, 29 ve 25 karar) konularına ilişkin sorunlar yaşanmıştır.18.yüzyılda İstanbul’daki toplumsal sorunların, çoğunlukla yönetilenler(reaya) arasında yaşandığı belirlenmiştir. Hem müracaat eden ve hem de şikayet edilen tarafl ar, çoğunlukla şehir merkezinde yaşayan Müslüman yönetilen reayadan müteşekkildir. İncelenen dönemdeki sorunların %31,2’sinin, 1775-1779 yılları arasındaki dönemde yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler:

18th Century, Istanbul, The Financial System of Istanbul, The Ottoman Finance, Istanbul Ahkâm Registers

THE CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL SYSTEM IN ISTANBUL IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BY ISTANBUL AHKÂM REGISTERS (1750-1780)

This study, which aims to evaluate the financial system of Istanbul in the 18th century, is based on the classification of Istanbul Ahkâm Registers in the period of 1750-1780. In order to classify the provisions of Ahkâm Registers; (a)registry(book) numbers, (b)application areas, (c)confl ict issues, (d)the social position of the litigants, (e)the religion of the litigants, and (f)application years were chosen as the basic analysis variables. Each judgement, which were based on this systematic, were examined in themselves. 394 provisions of the financial system were determined in Istanbul Ahkâm Registers in the period of March 1750-July 1779. The analysis of this Ahkâm Books(between 3-9 books), the maximum provisions were found with 9th part (26.4%) of them. The most problems of the financial system of Istanbul were “debit and credit disputes founded on contract”(55.6%) and “tax dispute”(24.1%). Moreover, the most financial problems occurred in Haslar(28.9%) region. Also, the most social problem in Surici was “tax exemption”(29 cases); in Galata, Uskudar and Haslar was “ordinary debit and credit dispute”(respectively 37, 29 and 25 cases). The financial problems of Istanbul in the 18th century occurred between the reaya. Both the applicants and the complainees were intensity composed by the Muslims reaya which were dwelling in centrum. It was determined that 31.2% of this financial problems occured in the period of 1775-1779

Keywords:

18.yüzyıl, İstanbul, İstanbul Finans Sistemi, Osmanlı Maliyesi, İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri,

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Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi(BOA), Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Istanbul Ahkâm Defteri(A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.) 3, case number(c.) 109, page(p.) 29, March 1750.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.178, p.46, June 1750.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.180, p.46, June 1750.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.206, p.54, August 1750.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.223, p.58, September 1750.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.227, p.58, September 1750.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.269, p.69, November 1750.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.311, p.80, January 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.335, p.86, March 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.368, p.95, April 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.386, p.100, May 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.387, p.100, May 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.445, p.116, August 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.449, p.118, August 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.457, p.120, September 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.458, p.120, September 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.474, p.124, October 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.479, p.126, October 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.497, p.131, November 1751.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.543, p.142, January 1752.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.568, p.151, March 1752.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.584, p.156, April 1752.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.604, p.161, June 1752.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.657, p.171, September 1752.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.658, p.172, September 1752.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.752, p.197, February 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.768, p.201, March 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.779, p.204, April 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.785, p.205, April 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.791, p.207, April 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.809, p.214, May 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.816, p.216, May 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.817, p.216, May 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.883, p.235, September 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.910, p.244, October 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.922, p.248, November 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.972, p.262, December 1753.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.1054, p.285, May 1754.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.1061, p.287, May 1754.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.1085, p.294, June 1754.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.1132, p.307, August 1754.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.1345, p.375, May 1755.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.1374, p.384, June 1755.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.3, c.1382, p.386, June 1755.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.4, c.28, p.10, August 1755.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.4, c.83, p.30, October 1755.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.4, c.307, p.99, July 1756.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.4, c.423, p.136, December 1756.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.4, c.558, p.183, May 1757.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.4, c.626, p.206, August 1757.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.4, c.627, p.206, August 1757.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.4, c.703, p.231, November 1757.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.4, c.916, p.308, June 1758.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.4, c.942, p.317, July 1758.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.14, p.5, September 1758.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.41, p.14, October 1758.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.70, p.23, November 1758.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.106, p.33, December 1758.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.197, p.61, February 1759.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.351, p.114, September 1759.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.402, p.128, September 1759.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.410, p.131, September 1759.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.440, p.141, October 1759.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.502, p.162, December 1759.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.511, p.164, December 1759.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.707, p.232, June 1760.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.725, p.236, July 1760.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.738, p.241, July 1760.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.752, p.246, July 1760.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.756, p.247, July 1760.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.840, p.277, October 1760.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.855, p.282, November 1760.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.872, p.287, November 1760.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.932, p.310, February 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.983, p.332, May 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.5, c.995, p.335, June 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.44, p.15, July 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.84, p.28, August 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.88, p.30, August 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.106, p.37, September 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.128, p.47, September 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.137, p.49, September 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.154, p.55, October 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.156, p.56, October 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.213, p.77, December 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.217, p.78, December 1761.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.235, p.83, January 1762.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.288, p.103, February 1762.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.371, p.131, May 1762.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.374, p.131, May 1762.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.501, p.175, September 1762.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.548, p.195, October 1762.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.630, p.226, February 1763.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.648, p.232, February 1763.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.669, p.239, March 1763.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.715, p.253, April 1763.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.974, p.344, December 1763.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.986, p.347, December 1763.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.1004, p.355, December 1763.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.1008, p.356, December 1763.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.1013, p.357, December 1763.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.4, p.3, January 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.28, p.9, February 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.43, p.13, April 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.54, p.16, March 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.63, p.19, March 1763.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.104, p.34, April 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.119, p.38, May 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.214, p.68, June 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.254, p.80, July 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.256, p.81, July 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.340, p.113, September 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.344, p.114, September 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.430, p.143, November 1764.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.481, p.158, January 1765.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.483, p.159, January 1765.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.729, p.240, September 1765.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.738, p.243, September 1765.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.827, p.269, December 1765.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.849, p.275, December 1765.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.858, p.278, January 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.861, p.279, January 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.935, p.301, April 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1001, p.321, June 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1033, p.331, July 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1070, p.344, August 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1071, p.344, August 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1074, p.345, August 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1132, p.364, October 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1136, p.365, October 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1137, p.365, October 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1138, p.366, October 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1143, p.367, October 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1156, p.371, October 1766.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1213, p.388, January 1767.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1218, p.390, January 1767.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.7, c.1224, p.391, January 1767.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.4, p.2, January 1767.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.25, p.8, March 1767.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.104, p.33, June 1767.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.131, p.42, July 1767.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.237, p.74, December 1767.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.361, p.118, June 1768.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.514, p.162, November 1768.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.578, p.181, April 1769.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.598, p.185, March 1770.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.599, p.186, April 1770.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.763, p.235, February 1775.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.801, p.246, April 1775.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.827, p.252, April 1775.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.8, c.1050, p.322, September 1775.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.42, p.10, May 1776.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.50, p.12, May 1776.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.133, p.34, July 1776.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.141, p.36, July 1776.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.151, p.39, July 1776.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.207, p.56, September 1776.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.223, p.62, September 1776.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.276, p.75, November 1776.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.281, p.77, November 1776.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.296, p.81, December 1776.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.337, p.93, February 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.344, p.95, February 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.376, p.104, February 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.382, p.106, February 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.387, p.107, February 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.395, p.109, March 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.396, p.110, March 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.401, p.111, March 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.411, p.114, March 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.422, p.117, March 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.464, p.128, May 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.470, p.130, April 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.497, p.137, June 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.502, p.138, June 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.527, p.144, July 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.545, p.148, July 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.561, p.151, July 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.607, p.163, August 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.609, p.164, August 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.6, c.618, p.165, September 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.636, p.170, September 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.641, p.173, September 1777.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.805, p.215, January 1778.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.965, p.255, May 1778.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1032, p.276, July 1778.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1153, p.311, December 1778.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1163, p.315, December 1778.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1213, p.333, February 1779.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1241, p.340, March 1779.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1270, p.347, April 1779.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1297, p.353, May 1779.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1308, p.355, May 1779.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1326, p.360, May 1779.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1330, p.361, June 1779.
BOA, A.DVNP.AHK.IS.d.9, c.1331, p.361, July 1779.