DEVLET BAŞKANININ HALK TARAFINDAN SEÇİLDİĞİ ÜLKELERDE YÜRÜTMENİN FESİH YETKİSİ

Bu çalışma başkanın halk tarafından seçildiği başkancı sistem,başbakanlı başkanlık ve başkancı parlamenter sistem olarak adlandırılansistemlerdeki devlet başkanının fesih yetkisini incelemektedir. Genelkabul, yürütmenin fesih yetkisinin parlamenter sisteme ait olduğudur.Bununla birlikte özellikle 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısının başlamasındanitibaren başkanın halk tarafından seçildiği ve güçlü anayasal yetkilerininolduğu sistemlerde başkanın görev süresi dolmadan parlamentoyufeshedebildiği görülmektedir. Bu anayasal tercihin amacı ise geneldesiyasi kilitlenmeleri yeni seçimler vasıtasıyla çözmektir. Çünkü bu siyasikrizler kuvvetler ayrılığından kaynaklandığı için başkan ve parlamentoçoğunlukla bir anlaşmaya varamamaktadır. Fransa ve Portekiz gibi bazıülkelerde, başkanın parlamentoyu feshetmesi konusunda anayasadaherhangi bir sebepsel sınırlandırma bulunmamaktadır. Bununlabirlikte Peru, Ukrayna gibi ülkelerde başkan yalnızca bir hükûmet kriziolduğunda parlamentoyu feshedebilir. Son olarak Ekvador, Namibya veTürkiye (2017 sonrası) gibi ülkelerde anayasa, başkanın parlamentoyufeshetmesi durumunda hem başkalık hem de parlamento seçimlerininbirlikte yapılacağını düzenlemektedir.

The Dissolution Power of the Executive Branch in Countries where the Head of the State is Elected by the Population

This study examines the president’s dissolution power of parliament within the systems that have a strong president who is selected by the people and that are named as primer-presidential, president-parliamentary and presidentialist. The general acceptance is that the dissolution power belongs to parliamentary system. However, particularly after beginning of second half of the 20. century, in the systems that the president is elected by the people and has strong powers, the president can terminate the parliament before the expiry of the term. The aim of this constitutional choice is generally to solve political deadlocks by new elections. Due to that the deadlocks origated from separation of power, the president and parliament mostly don’t tend to any agreement. In some countries such as France and Portugal, there is not any causal restriction on the dissolution power of the president in the constitution. However, in some countries such as Peru, Ukraine and Turkey (2007-2017), the president can dissolve the parliament only when there is a government crisis. This crisis frame the causal restriction in terms of the president. Lastly, in some countries such as Ecuador, Namibia and Turkey (post-2017), the constitution regulates that when the president dissolves the parliament, both the presidential election and parliamentary elections are held together.

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