Mathieu DEFLEM, Çevirmen: Melih Furkan ÇİÇEKCİ

Harp, Siyasi Liderlik ve Devlet Oluşumu: Zulu Krallığı

19. yüzyıl Zulu Krallığı’nın kökeni ve evrimi, iki karşıt devlet oluşumu (state formation) teorisini incelemek için kullanılmıştır: Robert Carneiro’nun sınırlandırma teorisi (circumscrtiption theory) ve Elman Service’in kurumsallaşmış liderlik teorisi. Her iki teori de Zulu’ların siyasal gelişimini kısmen berraklaştırmıştır. Carneiro’nun teorisi devletin kökenini ve bölgesel genişliğini açıklarken Service’in teorisi Zulu devletindeki siyasal rollerin farklılaşmaya başlamasını açıklayabilmiştir. Zulu devlet oluşumunun nedenlerinin iki alternatif izahı, Carneiro ve Service’in birbirlerinden ayrılan teorik perspektiflerini bütünleştirmek için tartışılmıştır. İlk olarak Zulu Kralı Shaka’nın rolü, yalnızca Shaka’nın fetih mücadelesinin Zulu Krallığı’nın birleşmesi için araçsal olduğu ölçüde siyasi olarak anlamlı kabul edilmelidir. İkinci olarak Zulu siyasetindeki diğer gelişmeler, dağınık bir kabileden sistematik bir askeri devlete uzanan sınırlı yapısal değişiklikleri içermektedir. Doğuşu ve sonraki dönüşümleri dahil olmak üzere siyasi oluşumların analizi, “tek hatlı evrim (unilineal evolution)” terimleriyle değil, çok boyutlu süreçsel bir bakış açısıyla yapılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Devlet Oluşumu, Sınırlanma Teorisi, Kurumsallaşmış Liderlik, Zulu Krallığı, Erken Devlet

Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-1879

The origin and evolution of the 19th-century Zulu Kingdom are used to examine two competing state formation theories: Robert Carneiro’s circumscription theory and Elman Service’s theory of institutionalized leadership. Both theories partly clarify Zulu political developments. Carneiro’s theory explains the origin and territorial expansion of the Zulu empire, while Service’s theory can account for the beginning differentiation of political roles in the Zulu state. Two alternative explanations of the causes of Zulu state formation are discussed to integrate the diverging theoretical perspectives of Carneiro and Service. First, the role of the Zulu King, Shaka, should be considered politically relevant only inasmuch as Shaka’s wars of conquest were instrumental for the unification of the Zulu Kingdom. Second, further developments in Zulu politics involved limited structural change from dispersed tribes to a unified military state. The analysis of political formations, including their origin and further transformation, should not be conducted in unilinear evolutionary terms, but from a multidimensional processual perspective.

Keywords:

State Formation, Circumscription theory, Zulu Kingdom, Institutionalized Leadership, Early State,

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