Remzi İLAY, Gökhan ERARSLAN, Yasemin KAVDIR

Pirina ve balık atıklarının birlikte kompostlanması ve toprak ıslahında kullanılması

Büyüyen gıda endüstrisi, hem ekonomik hem de çevresel olarak önemli etkiye sahiptir. Üretim sonrasında açığa çıkan atıkların güvenli bertarafı veya tekrar kullanımı araştırmalara konu olmaktadır. Ülkemizde gıda endüstrisinde, alanında önde gelen balık fabrikalarından olan Dardanel Önentaş Gıda Sanayidir ve fabrikada balığın işlenmesi sonucu balık atıkları açığa çıkmaktadır. Bölgede önemli bir yere sahip olan zeytinyağı üretimi sonrasında arta kalan katı atık pirina olarak isimlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada 2 farklı gıda sanayi atığı olan balık atığı ve pirina kullanılarak yapılan kompostun (BPK) 3 farklı dozunun (%3, %6, %9) kumlu tın bünyeye sahip toprağa uygulanması sonrası toprağın bazı özelliklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla kompost uygulanan topraklar 2,5 ay inkübatörde bekletilmiştir. İnkübasyon süresi sonunda BPK'nın toprak reaksiyonu (pH), elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), toplam azot (TN), toplam karbon (TK) ve agregat stabilitesi (AS) gibi toprak özellikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. BPK uygulamasıyla incelenen tüm toprak parametrelerinde ve uygulanan dozlar arasındaki farkların istatistiki olarak önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Artan BPK dozuyla beraber pH ve C/N oranı hariç diğer toprak parametre değerlerinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek BPK uygulamasıyla pH' nın kontrole göre %5,9 C/N oranının ise %45 azaldığı görülmüştür. %9 BPK uygulaması kontrol ile kıyaslandığında EC' nin yaklaşık 14 kat, AS' nin %68, TN' nin %207, TK 'nin %68 arttığı tespit edilmiştir.

Co-composting of olive pomace and fish wastes and use in soil improvement

The re-use of wastes produced from food industry in agriculture is considered to be one of the best methods both economically and environmentally. In Turkey, a significant amount of fish waste released in fish processing factories. Additionally olive oil production is also important in the region and solid waste that is remaining after olive oil production is called olive pomace (pirina). In this study, changes in some physical and chemical properties of sandy loam soil after applications of compost (FOC) with three different doses (3 %, 6 %, 9 %) have been determined. For this purpose, the compost added soil was kept in incubator for 2.5 months. At the end of the incubation period, the effects of compost on soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC) and aggregate stability (AS) were investigated. It was found that compost addition significantly changed measured soil parameters and doses were also statistically significant (p < 0.05). It was determined that measured soil parameter values except pH and C / N ratio increased with increasing compost doses. pH was decreased by 5.9 % and C/N was decreased by 45 % compared to control with the highest compost application rate. It was found that EC was 14 times higher, AS was 68 % higher, TN was 207 % higher and TC was 68 % higher in 9 % FOC applied soils than those of control soil.

Keywords:

Fish waste Olive pomace, Compost, Soil,

PDF

___

Agegnehu, G., Bass, A. M., Nelson, P. N., Muirhead, B., Wright, G., Bird, M.I., 2015. Biochar and biochar-compost as soil amendments: effects on peanut yield, soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions in tropical North Queensland, Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 213, 72-85. doi.org:10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.027
Anonim 1., Dardanel Ton A.Ş. 2017 yılına ait şirket faaliyet raporu. http://manage.dardanel.com.tr/Content/YatirimciIlis kileriDokuman/document-2018330135340543.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05 Kasım 2018).
Anonim 2., Revision of the eu ecolabel criteria for soil improvers and growing media. http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstre am/JRC97410/si%20gm%20eu%20ecolabel%20tech nical%20report_june2015.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 05 Kasım 2018).
Aqeel, A.M., Hameed, K.M., Alaudatt, M., 2007. Effect of olive mill by-products on mineral status, growth and productivity of Faba bean. Journal of Agronomy 6,403-408.
Azbar, N., Bayram, A., Filibeli, A., Muezzinoglu, A., Sengul, F., Ozer, A., 2004. A review of wastes management options in olive oil production Critical Reviews on Environmental Science and Technology, 34 (3): 209-247. doi.org:10.1080/10643380490279932.
Bouyoucos, G.J., 1951. A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis, Agronomy Journal, Vol. 43, (9): 434-438. doi:10.2134/agronj1951.00021962004300090005x.
Brunetti, G., Plaza, C., Senesi, N., 2005. Olive pomace amendment in Mediterranean conditions: effect on soil and humic acid properties and wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) yield. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, 6730-6737.doi: 10.1021/jf050152j.
Camposeo, S., Vivaldi, G.A., 2011. Short-term effects of de-oiled olive pomace mulching application on a young super high-density olive orchard. Scientia Horticulturae 129 (4): 613-621. doi.org:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.04.034.
Canet, R., Pomares, F., Cabot, B., Chaves, C., Ferrer, E., Ribó, M., Albiach, M.R., 2008. Composting olive mill pomace and other residues from rural southeastern Spain. Waste Management, 28 (12): 2585-2592. doi.org:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.11.015.
Cekmecelioglu, D., Demirci, A., Graves, R. E., Davitt, N.H., 2005. Applicability of optimised in-vessel food waste composting for windrow systems. Biosystems Engineering, 91 (4): 479-486. doi.org:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.04.013.
Cucci, G., Lacolla, G., Caranfa, L., 2008. Improvement of soil properties by application of olive oil waste. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 28, 522- 526. doi.org:10.1051/agro:2008027.
Epstein, E., 1997. The science of composting. New York: Routledge. Erhart, E., Burian, K., 1997. Evaluating quality and suppressiveness of Austrian biowaste composts. Compost Science & Utilization, 5 (3): 15- 24. doi.org:10.1080/1065657X.1997.10701881.
Grewelling, T., Peech, M., 1960. Chemical soil test. Cornell University agr. expt. sta. bull. 960 p.
Griffin, T.S., Hutchinson, M., 2007. Compost maturity effects on nitrogen and carbon mineralization and plant growth. Compost Science & Utilization, 15 (4): 228-236. doi.org:10.1080/1065657X.2007.10702338.
Hirai, M.F., Chamyasak, V., Kubota, H., 1983. Standard measurement for compost maturity. BioCycle: Journal of Waste Recycling, 24 (6): 54-6.
Insam, H., De Bertoldi, M., 2007. Microbiology of the composting process. In Waste management series .Vol. 8, pp. 25-48. Elsevier.
İlay, R., 2009. Zeytin katı atığının fasulye ve ayçiçeği bitkilerinin gelişimi üzerine etkilerinin saptanması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi- FBE.
İlay, R., Kavdir, Y., Sümer, A., 2013. The effect of olive oil solid waste application on soil properties and growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 85: 254-259. doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.07.008.
Kavdır, Y., İlay, R., Smucker, A.J.M., Kavdır, İ., 2009. Soil structure stabilization of olive oil solid waste and compost applied soils. International Soil Tillgage Research Organization 18th Triennial Conference, June 15th-19th 2009, İzmir, Turkey.
Kavdır, Y., Killi, D., 2008. Influence of olive oil solid waste applications on soil pH, electrical conductivity, soil nitrogen transformations, carbon content and aggregate stability. Bioresource Technology 99, 2326-2332. doi.org:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.034.
Kavdir, Y., Cetin, C.S., Killi, D., İlay, R., Kavdir, I., 2008. Potential use of olive oil solid waste in agriculture. Journal of Adnan Menderes University, Agricultural Faculty, Special Issue: 1027-1032.
Keener, H.M., Dick, W.A., Hoitink, H.A.J., 2000. Composting and beneficial utilization of composted by-product materials. Chapter 10. pp.315-341. In: J.F. Power ve ark.(eds.). Beneficial uses of agricultural, industrial and municipal by-products. Soil Science of America. Madison, Wisconsin.
Kemper, W.D., Rosenau, R.C., 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods. Klute A. Ed. (Monograph no.9,2nd edn). ASA, Madison, Wis, America.
Killi, D., Kavdır, Y., 2013. Effects of olive solid waste and olive solid waste compost application on soil properties and growth of Solanum lycopersicum. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 82, 157-165. doi.org:10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.03.004.
Kirsten, W.J., 1983. Organic elemental analysis. Academic Press, New York, NY. 1983.
Liang, C., Das, K.C., McClendon, R.W., 2003. The influence of temperature and moisture contents regimes on the aerobic microbial activity of a biosolids composting blend. Bioresource Technology, 86 (2): 131-137. doi.org:10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00153-0.
Lim, S. L., Lee, L. H., Wu, T.Y., 2016. Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 111: 262-278. doi.org:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.083.
López-Piñeiro, A., Albarrán, A., Rato Nunes, J.M., Barreto, C., 2008. Short and medium-term effects of two-phase olive mill waste application on olive grove production and soil properties under semiarid mediterranean conditions. Bioresource Technology 99, 7982-7987. doi.org:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.051.
Makan, A., Assobhei, O., Mountadar, M., 2014. Initial air pressure influence on in-vessel composting for the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 11: pp. 53-58. doi.org:10.1007/s13762-013-0434-6.
Miller, F.C., 1996. Composting of municipal solid waste and its components. A.C Palmisano, M.A Barlaz (Eds.), Microbiology of Solid Waste, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 115-154.
Minale, M., Worku, T., 2014. Anaerobic co-digestion of sanitary wastewater and kitchen solid waste for biogas and fertilizer production under ambient temperature: waste generated from condominium house Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 11: 509-516. doi.org:10.1007/s13762-013-0255-7.
Mosher, D., Anderson, R.K., 1977. Composting sewage sludge by high-rate suction aeration techniques––the process as conducted at Bangor, ME, and some guidelines of general applicability. Interim Report Number SW-614d. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Mulvaney, R.L., 1996. Nitrogen—inorganic forms. p. 1123–1184. In D.L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. 3rd ed. SSSA Book Ser. 5. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.
Niaounakis, M., Halvadakis, C.P., 2004. Olive-mill waste management: literature review and patent survey 960-402-123-0, Typothito-George Dardanos Publications, Athens.
Paredes, C., Bernal, M. P., Cegarra, J., Roig, A., 2002. Bio-degradation of olive mill wastewater sludge by its co-composting with agricultural wastes. Bioresource Technology, 85 (1): 1-8. doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00078-0.
Richards L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No: 60. 94 p.
Rynk, R., 1992. On farm composting handbook. NRAES-54, Cooperative Extension Service, Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Services, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Sánchez-Monedero, M.A., Roig, A., Paredes, C., Bernal, M.P., 2001. Nitrogen transformation during organic waste composting by the Rutgers system and its effects on pH, EC and maturity of the composting mixtures. Bioresource Technology, 78 (3): 301-308. doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00031-1.
Schlichting E., Blume E., 1966. Bodenkundliches Practikum. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin. Smith, H. W., Weldon, M. D., 1941. "A comparison of some methods for the determination of soil organic matter." Soil Science Society of America Journal 5.C : 177-182.
Tian, Y. , Chen, L., Gao, L., Michael Jr., F.C., Keener, H.M., Klingman, M., Dick, W.A., 2012. Composting of waste paint sludge containing melamine resin and the compost’s effect on vegetable growth and soil water quality J. Hazard. Mater, 243: pp. 28-36. doi.org:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.013.
TMECC., 2009. Test Methods for the examination of composting and compost (4.10. Electrical conductivity for compost; 4.11. Electrometric pH determinations for compost). US Composting Council.
TÜİK., 2017. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_ id=1073 (Erişim tarihi: 25.10.2018)
Zucconi, F., 1987. Compost specifications for the production and characterization of compost from municipal solid waste. Compost : production, quality and use. Elsevier Applied Science, pp 30– 50.