Deri sanayi arıtma çamurunun kompostlaştırılması sırasındaki biyokimyasal değişiklikler ve oluşan komostun kalitesi

Ülkemizde deri işleme önemli bir ekonomik sektör olmasına karşın, atıklarının bertarafı konusunda halen geçerli bir yöntem bulunamamıştır. Deri sanayi atık çamurları, yüksek miktarlarda azot ve azotça zengin organik materyaller içermektedir. Bu organik maddenin ayrışması sırasında yüksek miktarlarda besin elementinin ortama verilecek olmasının yanında deri atık çamuru, çevre için ciddi bir tehdit oluşturabilecek yüksek miktarlarda krom, fekal orijinli patojenler ve toksik organik bileşikleri de içerebilir. Kompostlama, organik atıkların geri kazanımı için en ekonomik ve çevre dostu bir yaklaşım olarak bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; deri sanayi atık çamurunun kompostlaştırılması sırasında meydana gelen bazı biyokimyasal değişimleri izlemek ve oluşan olgun kompostun tarımsal kullanılabilirliğini ortaya koymaktır. Olgun kompost elde edebilmek amacıyla deri atık çamuru 150 günlük kompostlama işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Oluşan kompostun elektriksel iletkenliği (EC) 6,16 dS m-1, katyon değişim kapasitesi (KDK) 50,24 me 100 g-1, CO2-oluşumu 1,48 mg CO2-C g-1 gün-1, pH’ sı 8,5 ve C:N oranı 8:1 olarak saptanmıştır. Toplam ağır metal konsantrasyonlarından ise kurşun (Pb) 39,75 mg kg-1, krom (Cr) 1097,5 mg kg-1, kadmiyum (Cd) 2,43 mg kg-1, kobalt (Co) 9,88 mg kg-1 ve nikel (Ni) 23,53 mg kg-1 düzeylerinde tespit edilmiştir. Komposttaki Cr miktarı, “Toprak Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği” nde belirtilen sınır değere yakın bir konsantrasyona sahip olurken, diğer ağır metaller sınır değerlerin oldukça altında çıkmıştır. Fitotoksik etkinin incelendiği olgun kompostta tere (Lepidium sativum L.) tohumlarının çimlenmesi gerçekleşmemiştir. Kompost oluşum sürecinde incelenen tüm biyolojik parametrelerde azalmanın gerçekleşmesi, kompostun stabil hale geldiğini göstermektedir. Fakat deri sanayi arıtma çamurundan elde edilen kompostun sınır değere yakın Cr içeriği, fitotoksik etkisi, yüksek pH ve EC değerlerinden dolayı tarım alanlarında kullanılmasının sakıncalı olacağı kanısına varılmıştır.

Biochemical changes during composting of tannery sludge and assessment of compost quality

Leather processing is an important economic activity in our country whereas a convenient method about the disposal of its waste has not been found yet. Sludge from leather processing contains large concentrations of inorganic nitrogen (N) and N-rich organic residues. Apart from organic material, which releases valuable nutrients for decomposition, tannery sludge may contain chromium (Cr) and pathogens mainly of fecal origin, and toxic organic components, all of which pose a serious threat to the environment. Composting is recognized as one of the most cost-effective and environmentally sound alternatives for organic waste recycling. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in some biochemical properties of tannery sludge during composting and also to reveal agricultural point of view of the appropriateness of mature compost. Tannery sludge was composted for 150 days to achieve mature compost. The compost was analyzed by an electrolytic conductivity (EC) of 6.16 dS m-1, cation exchange capacity of 50.24 meq 100 g-1, a respiration rate of 1.48 mg CO2-C g-1 compost-C day-1, pH 8.5 and C:N ratio 8:1. Total concentration of lead (Pb) was 39.75 mg kg-1 dry compost, chromium (Cr) was 1097.5 mg kg-1 dry compost, cadmium (Cd) was 2.43 mg kg-1 dry compost, cobalt (Co) was 9.88 mg kg-1 dry compost and nickel (Ni) was 23.53 mg kg-1 dry compost. Cr concentration in mature compost was close to threshold value allowed by Soil Pollution Control Regulation (TKKY), but the concentrations of the other heavy metals were under their threshold values. In this study phytotoxic effect exemined by measuring as cress (Lepidium sativum L.) germination in mature compost and no germination was observed. Decrease all of the studied biological parameters during composting indicates that compost has stabilized. But high Cr content, phytotoxic effect, high pH, and EC levels of tannery sludge compost limit its use in agricultural soils.

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