Cross-stress Tolerance (Cold and Salt) in Plants Have Different Seed Nutrient Content (Maize, Bean and Wheat)

The aim of this study was to determine cross-stress tolerance in plants have different seed nutrient content (maize, bean and wheat). For this purpose, salt (50 and 100 mM NaCl) and cold stress (12/7oC) separately or in combinations (cross stress) were applied and studied the alterations of root and stem growth, total soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) associated with induction of cold hardiness by salt stress. Salt and cold stress and its combinations caused inhibition of root and stem growth, and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POD and APX) were significantly increased or decreased due to both salt, cold stress and its combinations. The soluble protein content increased in maize and wheat while decreased in bean in all applications. Crossstress, on the other hand, decreased the soluble protein content according to alone salt or cold stress in all plants. As a result, there is not determined any relationship among cross-stress tolerance and growth, soluble protein content, antioxidant enzyme activities or plants have different energy sources. For example; while the highest increase in SOD, CAT, POD and APX activities were observed in maize, root-stem growth was most decreased in maize.

PDF

___

Agarwal, S., Pandey, V., 2004. Antioxidant enzyme responses to NaCl stress in Cassia angustifoli. Biologia Plantarum. 48:555–560.

Akladious, S.A., Hanafy, R.S., 2018. Alleviation of Oxidative Effects of Salt Stress in White Lupine (Lupinus Termis L.) Plants by Foliar Treatment with L-Arginine. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 28(1):165-176.

Akladious, S.A., Mohamed, H.I., 2018. Ameliorative effects of calcium nitrate and humic acid on the growth, yield component and biochemical attribute of pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants grown under salt stress. Scientia Horticulturae 236:244–250.

Bezirganoglu, I., Uysal, P., Yiğit, O.R., 2018. Cold Stress Resistance and the Antioxidant Enzyme System in Pisum Sativum. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences. 28(2):561-567.

Demir, Y., Ozturk, L., 2003/4. Influence of ethephon and 2,5- norbornadiene on antioxidative enzymes and proline content in salt-stressed spinach leaves. Biologia Plantarum. 47(4):609-612.

Dogan, M., Tıpırdamaz, R., Demir, Y., 2010. Effective Salt Criteria in Callus-Cultured Tomato Genotypes. Z. Naturforsch. 65c, 613 – 618.

Elstner, E.F.; Heupel, A.: Inhibition of nitrate formation from hydroxylammonium chloride: A simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Analytical Biochemistry. 70, 616–620 (1976)

Erdal, S., Genisel, M., Turk, H., Dumlupinar, R., Demir, Y., 2015. Modulation of alternative oxidase to enhance tolerance against cold stress of chickpea by chemical treatments. Journal of Plant Physiology. 175:95–101.

Eremina, M., Rozhon, W., Poppenberger B., 2016. Hormonal control of cold stress responses in plants Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73: 797–810.

Esim, N., Atici, O., Mutlu, S., 2014. Effects of exogenous nitric oxide in wheat seedlings underchilling stress. Toxicol Ind Health. 30(3):268–74.

F.A.O, 2010. Land and Plant Nutrition Management Service. Available from: URL: http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/spush.

Foyer, Christine H., Rasool, B., Davey, JackW., Hancock, Robert D., 2016. Cross-tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants: a focus on resistance to aphid infestation. Journal of Experimental Botany. 67(7):2025–2037.

Gong, Y., Toivonen, P.M.A., Lau, O.L., Wiersma, P.A., 2001. Antioxidant system level in ‘Braeburn’apple in related to its browning disorder. Bot Bull Acad Sin. 42:259–64.

Hamdia, A.B.E., Shaddad, M.A.K., Doaa, M.M., 2004. Mechanism of salt tolerance and interactive effects of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation on maize cultivars grown under salt stress conditions. Plant Growth Regul. 44:165–174.

Hossain, M.A., Li, Z.G., Hoque, T.S., Burritt, D.J., Fujita, M., Munne-Bosch, S., 2018. Heat or cold priming-induced cross-tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants: key regulators and possible mechanisms. Protoplasma. 255:399–412.

Jahantigh, O., Najafi, F., Badi, H.N., Khavari-Nejad, R.A., Sanjarian, F., 2016. Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes Activities and Proline, Total Phenol and Anthocyanine Contents in Hyssopus Officinalis L. Plants under Salt Stress. Acta Biologica Hungarica. 67(2):195–204.

Jiang, L., Wang, L., Yin, C.H., Tian, C.Y., 2012. Differential salt tolerance and similar responses to nitrogen availability in plants grown from dimorphic seeds of Suaeda salsa. Flora. 207:565–571.

Kaleem, F., Shabir, G., Aslam, K., Rasul, S., Manzoor, H., Shah, S.M., Khan, A.R., 2018. An Overview of the Genetics of Plant Response to Salt Stress: Present Status and the Way Forward. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 186:306–334.

Keles, Y., Oncel, I., 2002. Response of antioxidative defence system to temperature and water stress combinations in wheat seedlings. Plant Science. 163(4):783-790.

Lee, Hye-Jung., Back K., 2016. 2-Hydroxymelatonin promotes the resistance of rice plant to multiple simultaneous abiotic stresses (combined cold and drought). Journal of Pineal Research. 61:303–316.

Lukatkin, A.S., 2002. Contribution of Oxidative Stress to the Development of Cold-Induced Damage to Leaves of Chilling-Sensitive Plants: 2. The Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes during Plant Chilling. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 49(6):782–788.

Mohamed, H.I., Latif, H.H., 2016. Exogenous applications of moringa leaf extract effect on retrotransposon, ultrastructural and biochemical contents of common bean plants under environmental stresses. South Afr. J. Bot. 106:221–231.

Munne-Bosch, S., Alegre L., 2013. Cross-stress tolerance and stress “memory” in plants: An integrated view. Environmental and Experimental Botany 94:1– 2.

Mutlu, S., Atıcı, O., Nalbantoğlu, B., Mete, E., 2016. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates cold damage by regulating antioxidative system in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Frontiers in Life Science. 9(2):99–109.

Mutlu, S., Karadagoglu, O., Atici, O., Nalbantoglu, B., 2013. Protective role of salicylic acid applied before cold stress on antioxidative system and protein patterns in barley apoplast. Biol Plant. 57:507–513.

Nakano, Y., Asada, K., 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 22:867–880.

Ozturk, L., Demir, Y., Unlukara, A., Karatas, I., Kurunc, A., Duzdemir O., 2012. Effects of long-term salt stress on antioxidant system, chlorophyll and proline contents in pea leaves Romanian Biotechnological Letters. 17(3): 7227-7236.

Ryu, S.B., Costa, A., Xin, Z., Li, P.H., 1995. Induction of Cold Hardiness by Salt Stress Involves Synthesis of Cold- and Abscisic Acid-Responsive Proteins in Potato (Solatium commersonii Dun). Plant Cell Physiol. 36(7):1245-1251.

Smith, P.K.; Krohn, R.I.; Hermanson, G.T.; Mallia, A.K.; Gartner, F.H.; Provenzano, M.D.; Fujimoto, E.K.; Goeke, N.M.; Olson, B.J.; Klenk, D.C.: Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Analitic Biochemistry. 150, 76–85 (1985)

Turk, H., Erdal, S., Genisel, M., Atici, O., Demir, Y., Yanmis, D., 2014. The regulatory effect of melatonin on physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters in cold-stressed wheat seedlings. Plant Growth Regul. 74:139–152.

Yasuda, H., 2017. Cross-tolerance to thermal stresses and its application to the development of cold tolerance rice. JARQ, 51(2):99-105.

Yee, Y., Tam, N.F.Y., Wong, Y.S., Lu, C.Y., 2002. Growth and physiological responses of two mangrove species (Bruguira gymnorrhiza and Kandelia candel) to waterlogging. Environ. Exp. Bot. 1–13.

Yordanova, R.., Christov, K.N., Popova L.P., 2004. Antioxidative enzymes in barley plants subjected to soil flooding. Environtemal and Experimental Botany. 51:93-101.

Zhang, Q., Chen, Q., Wang, S., Hong, Y., Wang, Z., Rice and cold stress: methods for its evaluation and summary of cold tolerance-related quantitative trait loci. Rice (N Y). 7(1): 24.

Zhou, Y., Tang, N., Huang, L., Zhao, Y., Tang, X., Wang, K., 2018. Effects of Salt Stress on Plant Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Glandular Trichome Density, and Volatile Exudates of Schizonepeta tenuifolia. Briq. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19: 252.