Meme Kanseri Cerrahisi Geçiren Kadınlarda Psikolojik Dayanıklılık

Amaç: Zorluklarla karşılaşan insan bu duruma karşı sabreder, uyum gösterir ancak kanser tanısı aldığında çok farklı tepkiler gösterebilir. Bu durumla başa çıkmak için farklı mekanizmalar geliştirebilir. Meme kanserinin erken evresinde uyumsuzluk ve depresyon gibi sorunlar görülebilir. Bu gibi sorunlarla başetmede psikolojik dayanıklılığın önemi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Latince “resiliens” kökünden türetilen Psikolojik Dayanıklılık teriminin; “yılmazlık, dayanıklılık, sağlamlık, dirençlilik, çabuk iyileşme gücü, zorlukların üstesinden gelebilme gücü, esneklik gibi anlamları da vardır. Sık karşılaştığımız meme kanserinde hastalar çok karmaşık tedavi süreçlerinden geçerken bu hastalık ile ya da hastalığın getirdiği sorunlarla başedebilmek için psikolojik olarak dayanıklı olmaları gerekmektedir. Meme kanserinin zorlu tedavi süreci sonucunda hayatta kalan bireyler birçok engelle karşılaşmakta ve bir mücadele süreci yaşamaktadırlar. Psikolojik dayanıklılığı artırmak için risk faktörlerinin azaltılması ve yok edilmesi koruyucu ve destekleyici faktörler ile mümkündür. Meme kanseri tedavi ve bakım sürecinde bireysel ve sosyal destek mekanizmaları gibi birçok faktör psikolojik dayanıklılığı etkilemektedir. İç destek mekanizmaları (bireyin kişisel özellikleri, bilişsel değerlendirme vb.) ve dış destek mekanizmaları (sağlık çalışanları, aile ve sosyal çevre vb.) ile meme kanserinde hastaların psikolojik dayanıklılığı artırılabilir. Meme kanseri cerrahi tedavi sonrasında hastalar bu mekanizmalar ile desteklenmelidir.

Resilience in Women who Underwent Breast Cancer Surgery

People who encounter difficulties are patient and adapt to this situation, but when they are diagnosed with cancer, they may show very different reactions. They may develop different mechanisms to deal with this situation. Problems such as incompatibility and depression can be seen in the early stage of breast cancer. The importance of psychological resilience emerges in coping with such problems. The term Psychological Resilience, derived from the Latin "resil- iens" root; also has meanings such as resilience, endurance, strength, quick recovery power, ability to overcome difficulties, flexibility. In breast cancer, which we encounter frequently, patients need to be psychologically resilient in order to cope with this disease or the problems caused by the disease, while going through very complex treatment processes. As a result of the difficult treatment process of breast cancer, individuals who survive face many obstacles and experience a struggle. To increase psychological resilience, reducing and eliminating risk factors is possible with protective and supportive factors. Many factors such as individual and social support mechanisms affect psychological resilience in the treatment and care process of breast cancer. The psychological resilience of patients with breast cancer can be increased with internal support mechanisms (personal characteristics of the individu- al, cognitive evaluation, etc.) and external support mecha- nisms (health workers, family and social environment, etc.). After breast cancer surgical treatment, patients should be supported with these mechanisms.

PDF

___

1. Menevşe A. Hastalıklara Karşı Tutumların Evrimi. Klinik Psikiyatri. 1999; 2:117-23.
2. DeSantis CE, Ma J, Goding Sauer A, Newman LA, Jemal A. Breast cancer statistics, 2017, racial disparity in mortality by state. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2017;67(6):439-48.
3. Oberguggenberger A, Meraner V, Sztankay M, Hilbert A, Hubalek M, Holzner B, Gamper E, Kemmler G, Baumgarter T, Lackinger I, Sperner-Unterweger B, Mangweth-Matzek B. Health behavior and quality of life outcome in breast cancer survivors: Prevalence rates and predictors. Clinical Breast Cancer. 2018;18(1):38-44.
4. Panjari M, Bell RJ, Davis SR. Sexual function after breast cancer. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2011;8(1):294-302.
5. Savi-Çakar F, Karataş Z, Çakır, MA. Yetişkin Yılmazlık Ölçeği: Türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;32:22-39.
6. Kurtoğlu G, Doğan S. Duygusal Yılmazlık Ölçeği'nin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. FSM İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;8:223-39.
7. Gez A. Suriyeli çocuk ve ergenlerde algılanan sosyal destek ve psikolojik sağlamlık arasındaki ilişki (Mersin): Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. 2018. [cited 2018 Jan] Available from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
8. Güngörmüş K, Okanlı A, Kocabeyoğlu T. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin psikolojik dayanıklılıkları ve etkileyen faktörler. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi. 2015;6(1):9-14.
9. Terzi Ş. Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Kendini Toparlama Gücünün İçsel Koruyucu Faktörlerle İlişkisi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2008;35:297-306.
10. Sunaga M, Futawatari T. Development and validation of the breast cancer survivors resilience scale. 北関東医学, 2018;68(1):7-18.
11. Greene R. Human behavior theory: A resilience orientation. In: Greene R. Editör. Resiliency: An integrated approach to practice, policy, and research. Washington, (DC): NASW Press. Ltd;2002. p.1-28.
12. American heritage dictionary, The second college edition (1982). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
13. Webster Yeni Yirminci Yüzyıl İngilizce Sözlüğü (1958). New York: Webster Publishing Co.
14. Masten AS, Morison P, Pellegrini D, Teliegen A. Competence under stress: risk and protective factors. In:J. Rolf AS, Masten D, Cicchetti KH, Nuechterlein S. Weintraub editors. Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology New York: Cambridge University Press. Ltd;1990. p.236-56.
15. Masten A. Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity. In:Wang, M, Gordon E. editors. Educational resilience in inner-city America. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1994. p.158-166.
16. Baykara O. Kanser Tedavisinde Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;5(3):154-65.
17. Karayurt Ö, Erol Ursavaş F, Çömez S. Endokrin Cerrahisi: Meme Cerrahiside Bakım. Eti Aslan F. editör. Cerrahi Bakım: Vaka Analizleri ile Birlikte. Akademisyen Kitabevi, Ankara. Ltd;2016. s.583-628.
18. American Cancer Society. Breast Cancert Facts&Figures 2017-2018. [cited 2020 Jul 20]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-andstatistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2017-2018.pdf
19. Gokal K, Wallis D, Ahmed S, Boiangiu I, Kancherla K, Munir F. Effects of a selfmanaged home-based walking intervention on psychosocial health outcomes for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a randomised controlled trial. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24:1139-66.
20. Nakamura Y, Kitamura Y, Sumiyoshi Y, Naito N, Kan S, Ushio S, Miyazaki I, Asanuma M, Sendo T. Involvement of 5-HT2A receptor hyperfunction in the anxiety-like behavior induced by doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide combination treatment in rats. J Pharmacol Sci. 2018;138(3):192–7.
21. Leach HJ, Danyluk JM, Nishimura KC, Culos-Reed SN. Evaluation of a community-based exercise program for breast Cancer patients undergoing treatment. Cancer Nurs. 2015;38:417-25.
22. Dieli-Conwright CM, Courneya KS, Demark-Wahnefried W, Sami N, Lee K, Sweeney FC, Stewart C, Buchanan TA, Spicer D, Tripathy D, Bernstein L, Mortimer JE. Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness, bone health, and quality of life in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res. 2018;20:124.
23. Kameo SY, Sawada NO. Quality of life and adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy in breast cancer: an integrative review. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy. 2016;6(4):51-61.
24. Sullivan CW, Leutwyler H, Dunn LB, Cooper BA, Paul SM, Levine JD, Hammer M, Conley YP, Miaskowski CA. Stability of symptom clusters in patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2018;55(1):39-55.
25. Göktaş S. Meme Cerrahisinde Bakım. Karadağ M, Bulut H. editörler. Cerrahi Hemşireliği 2 Kavram Haritası ve Akış Şemalı, Vize Yayıncılık, Ltd; 2019. s.1225.
26. Liu Z, Zhang L, Shi S. Objectively assessed exercise behavior in Chinese patients with earlystage cancer: A predictor of perceived benefits, communication with doctors, medical coping modes, depression and quality of life. PLoS One, 2017;12(1):1-9.
27. Stewart DE, Yuen TA. A systematic review of resilience in the physically ill. Psychosomatics. 2011;52 (3):199–209.
28. Fagley NS. Appreciation uniquely predicts life satisfaction above demographics, the Big 5 personality factors, and gratitude. Personality and Individual Differences. 2012;53:59–63.
29. World Cancer Research Fund International. Breast Cancer [Internet]. World Cancer Research Fund International; 2018 [cited 2020 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/breast-cancer
30. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu. 2018 [cited 2020 May 31]. Available from:https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,62400/saglik-istatistikleri-yilligi-2018yayinlanmistir.html
31. World Health Organization. 2018 [cited 2020 May 31]. Available from: https://www.who.int/cancer/en/
32. Karanlık H, Özmen V, Asoğlu O, İğci A, Keçer M, Tuzlalı S, Müslümanoğlu M, Aslay I, Topuz E. Meme kanseri cerrahi tedavisinin uzun dönem sonuçları. Meme Sağlığı Dergisi. 2006;2(2):89-95.
33. Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber R, Abate D, Abbasi N. Abbastabar H. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:524-48.
34. Huang Y, Huang,Y, Bao M, Zheng S, Du T, Wu, K. Psychological resilience of women after breast cancer surgery: a cross-sectional study of associated influencing factors. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 2019;24(7): 866-78.
35. Kondo M. Cancer survivorship and care. Japanese Journal of Cancer Care 2016;21:671673 (in Japanese).
36. Hsu T, Ennis M, Hood N, Graham M, Goodwin PJ. Quality of life in long term breast cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2013;31(28):3540-8.
37. Hurria A, Soto Perez de Celis E, Allred JB, Cohen HJ, Arsenyan A, Ballman K, LeRademacher J, Jatoi A, Filo J, Mandelblatt, J, Lafky JM, Kimmick G, Klepin HD, Freedman RA, Burstein H, Gralow J, Wolff AC, Magrinat G, Barginear M, Muss H. Functional decline and resilience in older women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2019;67(5):920-7.
38. Zhou K, Li J, Li X. Effects of cyclic adjustment training delivered via a mobile device on psychological resilience, depression, and anxiety in Chinese post-surgical breast cancer patients. Breast cancer research and treatment. 2019;178(1):95-103.
39. Öcalan, S., & Özçetin, Y. S. Ü. Kanser Deneyiminde Ruminasyon, Tükenmişlik ve Psikolojik Sağlamlık. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry. 2020;12(3), 421-33.
40. Ristevska-Dimitrovska G, Filov I, Rajchanovska D, Stefanovski P, Dejanova B. Resilience and quality of life in breast cancer patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2015;3:727-31.
41. Taheri A, Ahadi H, Kashani FL, Kermani RA. Mental hardiness and social support in life satisfaction of breast cancer patients. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014;159:406-9.
42. Zhang T, Li H, Liu A, Wang H, Mei Y, Dou, W. Factors promoting resilience among breast cancer patients: a qualitative study. Contemporary nurse. 2018;54(3):293-303.
43. Ei OH. Effects of laughter therapy on depression, quality of life, resilience and immune responses in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Korean academy of nursing. 2011;41(3)285-93.
44. Kim E, Kim S, Kim S, Lee Y. Resilience and related factors for patients with breast cancer. Asian Oncology Nursing. 2015;15(4):193-202.
45. Kang J, Suh EE. The influence of stress, spousal support, and resilience on the ways of coping among women with breast cancer. Asian Oncology Nursing. 2015;15(1):1-8.
46. Öz F, Bahadır Yılmaz E. Ruh sağlığının korunmasında önemli bir kavram: Psikolojik sağlamlık. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;16(3):82-9.
47. Yuan P. Influence of aerobic exercise combined with continuity of care on post-traumatic growth and psychological resilience of breast cancer patients. Nursing Research of China. 2017;31(21):2617–9.
48. Reeves MM, Terranova CO, Erickson JM, Job JR, Brookes DS, McCarthy N, Hickman IJ, Lawler SP, Fieldsoe BS, Healy GN, Winkler EAH, Janda M, Veerman JL, Ware RS, Prins JB, Vos T, Demark-Wahnefried W, Eakin EG. Living well after breast cancer randomized controlled trial protocol: evaluating a telephone-delivered weight loss intervention versus usual care in women following treatment for breast cancer. BMC cancer. 2016;16(1):830.
49. Ye ZJ, Liang MZ, Qiu HZ, Liu ML, Hu GY, Zhu YF, Zeng Z, Zhao JJ, Quan XM. Effect of a multidiscipline mentor-based program, Be Resilient to Breast Cancer (BRBC), on female breast cancer survivors in mainland China—A randomized, controlled, theoretically-derived intervention trial. Breast cancer research and treatment. 2016;158(3):509-22.
50. Zhu J, Ebert L, Liu X, Chan SWC. A mobile application of breast cancer e-support program versus routine care in the treatment of Chinese women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC cancer. 2017;17(1):1-9.
51. Dong X, Yi X, Gao D, Gao Z, Huang S, Chao M, Chen W, Ding M. The effects of the combined exercise intervention based on internet and social media software (CEIBISMS) on quality of life, muscle strength and cardiorespiratory capacity in Chinese postoperative breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2019;17(1):109.
52. Hou IC, Lan MF, Shen SH, Tsai PY, Chang KJ, Tai HC, Tsai AJ, Chang P, Wng TF, Sheu SJ, Dykes PC. The Development of a Mobile Health App for Breast Cancer SelfManagement Support in Taiwan: Design Thinking Approach. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020;8(4):1-15.