YOLSUZLUK VE YOLSUZLUKLA MÜCADELE ÖNLEMLERİ; İTALYA ÖRNEĞİ

Öz En temel tanımıyla, iktidarı ve kamu görevlerini şahsi kazançlar için kötüye kullanmak anlamına gelen yolsuzluk, İtalya için yeni bir olgu değildir Lambsdorff, 2007 . Yolsuzluk, İtalya’nın birliğini sağladığı 1861’den günümüze kadar süreklilik göstermiştir. Cumhuriyet’in kuruluşunun ilk yılları olan 1950’lilerde dahi yolsuzluğun farklı türleri İtalyan siyasetine hâkim olmuş, özellikle 1970 ve 1980’li yıllarda yasadışı kazanç sağlama eğilimleri niteliksel ve niceliksel düzeylerde artış göstermiştir. İtalya’da 1992’de açığa çıkan yolsuzluk skandalları sonrası, yargı sürecinin başlatıldığı “Temiz Eller” operasyonuyla birlikte yolsuzlukla mücadele çabaları daha yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Bu çerçevede, on yıllardır süregelen yolsuzluk uygulamaları, İtalyan demokrasinin paternalistik babacı karakteristiğini yansıtan iktidarın siyasal ve ekonomik alanlarda aldığı kararların ve uygulamaların hâkim olduğu “yetersiz, verimsiz, adil olmayan ve siyasi meşruiyetten yoksun” bir devlet sistemi ortaya çıkarmıştır Colazingari ve Rose-Ackerman, 1998:447 . Bu çalışmada amaç, 1946’da İtalya Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşuna tekabül eden İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası dönemden günümüze kadar olan tarihsel süreçte ortaya çıkan yolsuzluğun kaynakları, boyutları ve etkileri ile yolsuzluğa karşı mücadeleler, siyasi, ekonomik, idari ve hukuki düzeylerde ele almaktır.

YOLSUZLUK VE YOLSUZLUKLA MÜCADELE ÖNLEMLERİ; İTALYA ÖRNEĞİ

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