BREZİLYA’NIN DEĞİŞMEYEN GERÇEĞİ; YOLSUZLUK

Öz Gelişme literatüründe ülkelerin gelişmişliğine atıf olarak gösterilen Kuzey-Güney ayrımı, Güney Yarımküredeki Brezilya’da farklılık gösterir. Ülkenin ekonomi, ticaret ve sanayi merkezi olan Güneydoğu Bölgesindeki Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte eyaletleri gelişmiş iken ülkenin en geri kalan eyaletleri Kuzey ve Kuzeybatı bölgesindedir. Bu alanda geri kalmışlıkta iklim ve coğrafi özelliklerin etkili olmasına en iyi örnek Amazon Ormanlarıdır. Ülke 200 milyona yakın nüfusu, 8.5 milyon km2’lik toprağın yarısına yakınının tarıma elverişli olması, 13 milyar varillik petrol rezervi, 2.4 trilyon dolarlık satın alma gücü, 256 milyar dolarlık yıllık ihracat rakamları olsa da, ancak nüfusunun yüzde 26’sı fakirlik seviyesinin altında ve buna ilaveten nüfusun yüzde 4’ü tamamen aç yaşamaktadır. Nüfusun fazla olması sebebiyle kişi başına gelir 12 bin dolar civarındadır. Ancak Gini katsayısının yüksek oranlı rakamı 51,9 gelir adaletsizliği bakımından da ciddi sorunların bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Toplumun kendi arasında siyasi, etnik ve dinsel sorunları bulunmamasına rağmen en önemli sorunu yolsuzluk ve fakirliktir. Yolsuzluğun mu fakirliğe yol açtığı, yoksa fakirlikten dolayı mı yolsuzluğun artış gösterdiği sorunsalı birbirini kovalayan olgular olarak kabul edilmelidir

BREZİLYA’NIN DEĞİŞMEYEN GERÇEĞİ; YOLSUZLUK

___

  • Eul-Soo Pang, International Political Economy of Transformation in Argentina, Brazil and Chile since 1960, Palgrave Macmillan, USA, 2001.
  • Lincoln Gordon, Brazil’s Second Chance: En Route Tward the First World, Broo- king Institution Press, USA, 2001
  • R. S. Rose, Unpast: Elite Violence and Social Control in Brazil, 1954-2000, USA, 2005
  • Riordan Roett, The New Brazil, Brookings Institution Press, USA, 2010
  • Rober M. Levine, History of Brazil, Greenwood Press, USA, 1999.
  • Sue Branford, Bernando Kucinski and Hilary Wainwright, Lula and The Workers’ Party in Brazil, New Press, January 1, 2004.
  • Susan Rose-Ackerman, The Political Economy of Corruption in Corruption and The Global Economy, Institute for International Economics, http://www.iie. com/publications/chapters_preview/12/2iie2334.pdf
  • Thomas Vinod, Brazil’s Agenda in From Inside Brazil: Development in the Land of Contrasts, World Bank Publications, USA, 2006.
  • Anti-Corruption Profile: Brazil, http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/country-profiles/ profile.dot?id=09c59db9-55cf-42d3-a4e3-b3b584f20151
  • Bertelsmann Stiftung’s, BTI 2012 -Brazil Country Report, Gütersloh, 2012
  • Birliğin Mali Bütçe Kanunu, http://www.planejamento.gov.br/secretarias/upload/ Arquivos/noticias/sof/PLOA2011-VolumeIII.pdf
  • Bonnie J. Palifka , Corruption and Entrepreneurship in Brazil , May 27, 2006, http://homepages.mty.itesm.mx/bpalifka/Palifka.pdf
  • Brazil Society and Culture Complete Report, World Trade Press, USA, 2010.
  • Brazil Corruption: Actions, http://www.unodc.org/southerncone/en/corrupcao/ acoes.html
  • Brazil, http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/brazil/overview
  • Brazillian Federal Senate, http://www2.camara.gov.br/english/the-federal-senate
  • Brazillian National Congress, http://www2.camara.gov.br/english/the-brazili- an-parliament Brezilya Anayasası
  • http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2006/teams/willr3/const.htm ve http://www2. camara.gov.br/english/brazilian-constitution-2
  • Carlos Higino Ribeiro de Alencar and Ivo Gico Jr., When Crime Pays: Measuring Judicial Efficacy Against Corruption In Brazil, Working Paper, 0004/10, http:// escholarship.org/uc/item/63k634vn
  • Chamber of Deputies Body, http://www2.camara.gov.br/english/chamber-of-de- puties-bodies
  • Claudio Ferraz, Frederico Finan, Exposing Corrupt Politicians: The Effect of Bra- zil’s Anti-Corruption Program on Electoral Outcomes, http://emlab.berkeley. edu/~ffinan/Finan_Audit.pdf
  • Country Study: Brazil, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/brtoc.html
  • David Fleischer, Political Corruption And Campaign Financing: Brazil’s Slow Shift Towards Anti-Corruption Laws, DEM35 Panel “Corruption in Latin America II: An Overview of the Practical Measures to Curb Corruption” of the XX Inter- national Congress of the Latin American Studies Association (LASA), Guada- lajara, México, 17-19 April 1997
  • Doing Busines: Brazil, Tax, http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreecono- mies/brazil#paying-taxes
  • Ernst and Young Terco, Doing Business in Brazil, 2011
  • Esin Şen, Brezilya Ülke Raporu, İGEME, 2010
  • Export Development Canada, Brazil, EDC Report, May 2012
  • Fabiano Angelico, Brazil Notebook 2011, http://www.globalintegrity.org/report/ Brazil/2011/notebook
  • Federal Representatives Change Party, http://www.v-brazil.com/government/le- gislative-branch/unloyalty.html
  • Frederick T. Stocker, Anti-Corruption Compliance in Brazil—Addressing a Daun- ting Challenge, Policy Analysis, March 2012 FreedomHouse 2011
  • http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-wor- ld/2011/brazil FreedomHouse 2012
  • http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-wor- ld/2012/brazil
  • Global Integrity Scorecard: Brazil 2009 http://report.globalintegrity.org/reportP- DFS/2009/Brazil.pdf
  • Global Security, Brazil – Government http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/wor- ld/brazil/government.htm
  • Global Security,Brazil- Corruption, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ brazil/corruption.htm
  • Global Security,Brazil –Politics, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/bra- zil/politics.htm
  • Human Develeopment Index, 2013 Report http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/ HDR2013_EN_Statistics.pdf
  • Jorge Hage, Anti-Corruption Measures In Brazil- Enhancing the Public-private Col- laboration, Brussels, Belgium 27-28 May 2009
  • Jorge Hage, Is Transparency Delivering (In Brazil) ?, Americas Regional Conferen- ce on the Right of Access to Information , Lima April 28th 2009
  • Jorge Hage, The Role and Work of CGU, UNODC, Vienna, November 17th-19th, 2008
  • Jorge Hage, UNODC Expert Meeting on the Prevention of Corruption, Doha, Qatar 9-11 February 2009
  • José Álvaro Moisés, Political Corruption And Democracy In Contemporary Brazil, http://waporlatinoamerica.org/descargas/revista/n0/moises_political.pdf
  • Josef Goodman, Molly Ma, and Jay Pabarue, Confronting Corruption in the Deve- loping World, The Politics, http://thepolitic.org/?p=501
  • Kroll and EIU, Global Fraud Report, Annual Edition 2010/11
  • Latinobarómetro Corporation, Latinobarómetro 2010, Santiago, Chile, http:// www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATContenidos.jsp
  • Maira Martini, Changing The Rules of The Game: A Diagnosis Of Corruption In Brazil, Hertie School of Governance, 9 April 2011
  • Matthew S. Winters, Rebecca Weitz-Shapiro, “Rouba, Mas Faz” or Not? Exploring Voter Attitudes Toward Corruption in Brazil , 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association
  • Politics and Government, http://www.transparency.org/topic/detail/politics_and_ government
  • Robert Klitgaard, Ronald MacLean-Abaroa , H. Lindsey Paris. Corrupt Cities, A Practical Guide to Cure and Prevention, World Bank Institute, Washington, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/ IB/2000/10/07/000094946_00092605362082/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf
  • Rogério B. Arantes , The Brazilian “Ministério Publico” and Political Corruption in Brazil, Working Paper Number CBS-50-04 Centre for Brazilian Studies University of Oxford
  • Simeon M. Kriesberg, Bruno Werneck, Anti-Corruption Compliance in Brazil: The Challenges Facing US Companies, Mayer Brown, Global Strategies Webinar Series, December 8, 2010
  • Snapshot of the Brazil Country Profile, http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/ country-profiles/latin-america-the-caribbean/brazil/
  • Stephen D. Morris , Corruption in Latin America: An Empirical Overview, http:// elauditor.rocketweb.com.ar/files/4fc5e8e846f9b.pdf
  • The CGU and Ethos Institute, Business Social Responsibility In Combating Cor- ruption, Offıce of the Comptroller General – CGU And Ethos Institute for Business and Social Responsibility, Working Group of the Business Pact for Integrity And Against Corruption, 2009
  • The CGU, CGU Brazil Report, November/December, No.2, 2009
  • The CGU, CGU Brazil Report, September/ October, No.1, 2009
  • The CGU, Internal Control, Preventing And Fighting Corruption, Offıce of the Comptroller General – CGU, 2008
  • The CGU, Internal Control, Preventing and Fighting Corruption, Offıce of the Comptroller – CGU, 2007
  • Timothy J. Power and Matthew M. Taylor, Corruption and Democracy In Brazil The Struggle for Accountability, University of Notre Dame Pres, Notre Dame, Indiana, 2011
  • Transparency International, Bribe Payers Index, 1999-2011, http://www.transpa- rency.org/research/bpi/overview
  • Transparency International, Global Corruption Barometre 2009, May 2009
  • United Nation, Republic of Brazil Public Administration Country Profile, Depart- ment of Economic and Social Affairs, January 2004
  • World Bank, World Govarnance Index, http://info.worldbank.org/governance/ wgi/index.asp Web Kaynakları
  • Andréa Novais, Types of Corruption in Brazil, 06/06/12, http://thebrazilbusiness. com/article/types-of-corruption-in-brazil
  • BBC, Brazil’s President Rousseff Grapples with Corruption, http://www.bbc. co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14680394
  • BBC, Q&A: Brazil Corruption Scandal, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ameri- cas/4676435.stm
  • Brazil Portal, http://www.brasil.gov.br/?set_language=en
  • Carlos Henrique da Silva Ayres, Brazil and Anti-Corruption Legislation, March 10, 2011, Thomas R. Fox Law, 2011, http://tfoxlaw.wordpress.com/2011/03/10/ brazil-and-anti-corruption-legislation/
  • Gert Peuckert, Mauricio Thuswohl, Brezilya’da Seçim Öncesinde Lula Hüküme- ti ve Sol, http://www.kozmopolit.com/2007/texte/rapor/rapor03_peuckert. html
  • Gini Index, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fiel- ds/2172.html
  • Interview of Sidney Vianna, Anti-corruption and Doing Business in Brazil, 10 Ja- nuary 2012 ,http://ethic-intelligence.com/experts/89-brazil-anti-corrupti- on-trends
  • Katheryn Gallant,The Art of Stealing, http://www.brazzil.com/cvrmar97.htm
  • LAND, Corruption Weighs on Brazilian Politics, http://latindispatch. com/2011/12/19/corruption-weighs-on-brazilian-politics/
  • Matt Ellis, Boom Times in Brazil, http://mattesonellislaw.com/fcpamericas/boom- times-in-brazil-part-1-five-corruption-issues-to-look-out-for-in-a-high-op- portunity-high-risk-environment
  • Matt Ellis, Brazil: Waking Up to Anti-Corruption Compliance, 11.28.2011http:// mattesonellislaw.com/fcpamericas/brazil-waking-up-to-anti-corrupti- on-compliance
  • Metin Yeğin, Brezilya Başkanlık Seçimlerinde Ne Oldu?, 14 Ekim 2010, Günlük Ga- zetesi, http://www.latinbilgi.net/index.php?eylem=yazi_oku&no=3645
  • Reuters, Analysis: Brazil’s Rousseff Backs off Cabinet Purge Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/13/us-brazil-politics-idUST- RE80C20720120113
  • Ruban Selva, A Short History of Inflation in Brazil, 25 Feb 2010, http://ezineartic- les.com/?A-Short-History-of-Inflation-in-Brazil&id=3817254
  • Ruban Selva, Tocatins, Brazil For Property and Land Investors, 28 June 2010, http://ezinearticles.com/?Tocatins,-Brazil-For-Property-and-Land-Investor- s&id=4562508
  • Ruban Selva, Brazil’s Economic Growth - Reducing Corruption, 16 March 2010, http://ezinearticles.com/?Brazils-Economic-Growth---Reducing-Corrupti- on&id=3920036
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Brezilya’nın Siyasi Görünümü, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/bre- zilya-siyasi-gorunumu.tr.mfa
  • The CGU, Disciplinary Action, http://www.cgu.gov.br/english/AreaCorreicao/ OQueE/
  • The CGU, Audit and Inspection, http://www.cgu.gov.br/english/AreaAuditoriaFis- calizacao/OQueE/
  • The CGU, Ombudsman’s Office, http://www.cgu.gov.br/english/AreaOuvidoria/ OQueE/
  • The CGU, Preventing Corruption, http://www.cgu.gov.br/english/AreaPrevencao- Corrupcao/AreasAtuacao/
  • The Office of the Comptroller General , http://www.cgu.gov.br/english/
  • Brazil Election Results, http://electionresources.org/br/deputies.php?electi- on=2010&state=BR