21. YÜZYILDA ESKİ VE YENİ TERÖRİZM TARTIŞMALARI: AKTÖRLER VE DİNAMİKLER

Uluslararası ilişkiler literatüründe bazı akademisyenler 11 Eylül 2001’deki terör saldırılarını milat alarak geleneksel (eski) terörizmden oldukça farklı yapıda yeni bir terörizm türünün ortaya çıktığı tezini savunmaya başlanmıştır. Yeni terörizm tezinin savunucuları argümanlarını, yeni terörizmin motivasyonunun ideolojiden ziyade dinsel olduğu; terörist grupların örgütlenme şeklinin hiyerarşik ve dikey değil; yatay ve esnek ağ şeklinde olduğu; terör örgütlerinin siber terörizm yanında kimyasal, biyolojik ve nükleer silah (KİS) kullanma konusunda daha istekli ve daha kapasiteli olduğu ve terör örgütlerinin şiddet kullanma konusunda daha acımasız olduğu şeklindeki hipotezler üzerine inşa etmektedirler. Günümüzde ise yeni terörizm savunucuları bir adım daha öte giderek beşinci bir terörizm dalgasının doğduğunu iddia etmeye başlamıştır. Dikkat çeken beşinci dalga teorileri arasında “kabilecilik”, “terörist yarı-devletlerin” kurulması ve “teknolojik dalga” teorileri bulunmaktadır. El Kaide dördüncü dalganın, DEAŞ/IŞİD/İslam Devleti (ID) ve Boko Haram ise beşinci dalgının sembol terör örgütleri olarak gösterilmektedir. Yeni terörizm teorileri indirgemeci bir tarzda İslam dinini toleransız bir şiddet dini olarak damgalamaya çalışmaktadır. Çağımızda terörizm olgusunun ve terör örgütlerinin nitelik ve nicelik açısından dönüşüm ve değişim geçirdiği bir realitedir. Ancak bu gelişmelerin arkasında İslam dini değil küreselleşme olgusu, teknolojik gelişmeler, devlet dışı silahlı aktörlerin güçlenmesi ve daha uzun ömürlü hale gelmesi gibi gelişmeler yatmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Eski Terörizm, Yeni Terörizm, beşinci Dalga

OLD AND NEW TERRORISM DISCUSSIONS IN THE 21st CENTURY: ACTORS AND DYNAMICS

In the international relations literature, some academics, who consider the 9/11 terrorist attacks as a turning point, have started to defend the thesis that a new type of terrorism emerged with a structure quite different from the traditional (old) terrorism. The proponents of the new terrorism thesis bases their argumentation’s on the hypothesis that the motivation of new terrorism is religion rather than an ideology; the way of organizations of terrorist groups is not hierarchical or vertical but it is in the form of horizontal and flexible network; terrorist organizations are more willing and more capable of using chemical, biological and nuclear weapons (WMD) and cyber terrorism and terrorist organizations are more brutal in using violence. Nowadays, the defendants of new terrorism have gone one step further claiming that the fifth terrorism wave has emerged. Among the notable fifth terrorism wave theories are the theories of “tribalism”, “the establishment of terrorist-semi-states”and “technological wave”. It is indicated that the symbol terror organization of fourth wave terrorism is al-Qaeda and the symbol terror organizations of the fifth wave is DAESH/ ISIS/ Islamic State (IS) and Boko Haram. The new terrorism theories in a reductionist manner try to label Islam as an intolerant religion of violence. In our age, it is a reality that in terms of quality and quantity the phenomenon of terrorism and terrorist organizations are transformed and changed. Behind these developments lie not the religion of Islam, but the phenomenon of globalization, technological development, the strengthening of non-sate armed actors and their longevity.

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