Bihter EROL, Mustafa Serkan IŞIK, Serdar EROL

Global ve Bölgesel (Yüksek Çözünürlüklü) Sayısal Yükseklik Modellerinin Doğruluk Analizi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Topografik yükseklikler birçok mühendislik uygulamasında ve yerbilimlerine ilişkin araştırmalardakullanılmaktadır. Yüksek çözünürlüklü Sayısal Yükseklik Modelleri (SYM), günümüzde yükseklik verilerinielde etmenin en pratik ve ekonomik yoludur. SYM’lerinin üretiminde farklı yöntemler uygulanır. Bumodeller çeşitli hata kaynaklarından etkilenirler. Bu nedenle, SYM verilerini kullanmadan önce çalışmaalanlarındaki performanslarını test etmek çalışmada gereksinim duyulan yükseklik doğruluğununsağlanması için önemlidir. Genel bir yaklaşım olarak, Sayısal Yükseklik Modellerinin doğruluk analizindetopografyaya uygun dağılmış kontrol noktalarında Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ve/veyanivelman yükseklikleri ile modelden elde edilen yükseklik farklarının karesel ortalama hata (k.o.h.)değerleri dikkate alınır. Bu çalışmada, yüksek çözünürlüklü global SYM’leri: ASTER GDEM (AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-Gelişmiş Uzay Kaynaklı Termal Emisyon veYansıma Radyometresi), SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission-Mekik Radar Topografya Misyonu)ile bölgesel HGM DTED2 modellerinin doğrulukları GNSS/nivelman verileri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.Bu amaçla farklı topografik özellikteki alanları temsil eden üç ayrı GNSS/nivelman veri seti kullanılarakkontrol noktalarının dağılımının yanı sıra test alanı topografyasının SYM doğruluğuna etkisiincelenmiştir. Sonuçlar Türkiye'nin kuzeybatısındaki test edilen global ve bölgesel SYM’lerinindoğruluğunu topografyanın değişen özelliklerine bağlı olarak karşılaştırmakta ve değerlendirmektedir.Testler sonucu global SYM’lerinin doğruluğu 8.0 m iken bölgesel DTED2 SYM doğruluğu 6.0 m olarakbulunmuştur.

An Investigation on Accuracy Analysis of Global and Regional (High Resolution) Digital Elevation Models

The topographical heights are required in practice for a number of engineering applications as well as their specific use in many Earth science disciplines. Using a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the most practical and economical way for obtaining the height data nowadays. These models include errors. So, it is important to clarify the quality as well as the accuracy of the DEM in the study areas before using its data. In general, validating DEMs using independent point-wise data such as GNSS and leveling heights provide an overall accuracy measure in terms of root means square error (r.m.s.e.) of the DEM derived heights. In this study three high-resolution digital elevation models ASTER, SRTM and Turkey Digital Topographic Data (DTED2) in 1 and 3 resolutions are assessed using GNSS/leveling data. Using three different sets of GNSS/leveling data invalidations it is aimed to clarify the role of the distribution of the ground-control points as well as the region’s characteristics, such as roughness of topography, land-cover, etc., in the validation results. The conclusions report the accuracy of the validated DEMs in northwest Turkey and hence include a categorization of DEM performances, generated from remotely sensed data and terrestrial techniques, depending on the topographical characteristics. In the test results the accuracies for global DTMs is 8.0 m, and for regional DTED2 DEM is 6.0 m.

PDF

___

Agrawal R., Mahtab A., Jayaprasad P., Pathan S., Ajai K., 2006. Validating SRTM DEM with Differential GPS Measurements -A Case Study with Different Terrains. Proceedings of the ISPRS Symposium, Goa, India, International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
Ayan, T., Deniz, R., Arslan, E., Çelik, R. N., Denli, H.H., Akyılmaz, O., Özşamlı, C., Özlüdemir, M.T., Erol, S., Erol, B., Acar, M., Mercan, H., Tekdal, E., 2006. İstanbul GPS Nirengi Ağı (İGNA) 2005-2006 Yenileme Ölçü ve Değerlendirmesi, Teknik Rapor, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi.
Ayhan, M.E.; Demir, C.; Lenk, O.; Kılıçoğlu, A.; Aktug, B.; Acıkgoz, M.; Firat, O.; Sengun, Y.S.; Cingoz, A.; Gurdal, M.A.; et al., 2002. Türkiye Ulusal Temel GPS Ağı-1999 (TUTGA-99A). Harita Dergisi, 16, 1–80.
Bildirici, İ. Ö. and Abbak, R. A., 2017. Comparison of ASTER and SRTM digital elevation models at one-arc-second resolution over Turkey. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(1), 16-25.
Bildirici, İ.Ö. and Abbak, R. A., 2020. Türkiye ve Çevresinde SRTM Sayısal Yükseklik Modelinin Doğruluğu. Geomatik, 5(1), 1-11.
Bildirici, İ. Ö., Ustun, A., Selvi Z.H., Abbak, R.A., Bugdayci, İ., 2009. Assessment of shuttle radar topography mission elevation data based on topographic maps in Turkey. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 36(1), 95-104.
Çelik, R. N., Ayan, T., Erol, B., 2002. Geodetic Infrastructure Project of Marmara Earthquake Region Land Information System (MERLIS). Teknik Rapor, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, ITU 2002/06/20. 1.
Erol, B., 2007. Investigations on Local Geoids for Geodetic Applications. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Erol, B., Işık, M.S., Erol, S., 2020. An Assessment of the GOCE High-Level Processing Facility (HPF) Released Global Geopotential Models with Regional Test Results in Turkey. Remote Sensing 12(3), 586.
Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., Alsdorf, D., 2007. The shuttle radar topography mission. Reviews of geophysics, 45(2).
Gesch, D., Oimoen, M.J., Danielson, J.J., Meyer, D., 2016. Validation of the ASTER global digital elevation model version 3 over the conterminous United States. The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 41, 143.
Hirt, C., 2016. Digital terrain models. Encyclopedia of Geodesy. Springer.
Hirt, C., Filmer, M.S., Featherstone, W.E., 2010. Comparison and validation of the recent freely available ASTER-GDEM ver1, SRTM ver4. 1 and GEODATA DEM-9S ver3 digital elevation models over Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 57(3), 337-347. Agrawal R., Mahtab A., Jayaprasad P., Pathan S., Ajai K., 2006. Validating SRTM DEM with Differential GPS Measurements -A Case Study with Different Terrains. Proceedings of the ISPRS Symposium, Goa, India, International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
Ayan, T., Deniz, R., Arslan, E., Çelik, R. N., Denli, H.H., Akyılmaz, O., Özşamlı, C., Özlüdemir, M.T., Erol, S., Erol, B., Acar, M., Mercan, H., Tekdal, E., 2006. İstanbul GPS Nirengi Ağı (İGNA) 2005-2006 Yenileme Ölçü ve Değerlendirmesi, Teknik Rapor, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi.
Ayhan, M.E.; Demir, C.; Lenk, O.; Kılıçoğlu, A.; Aktug, B.; Acıkgoz, M.; Firat, O.; Sengun, Y.S.; Cingoz, A.; Gurdal, M.A.; et al., 2002. Türkiye Ulusal Temel GPS Ağı-1999 (TUTGA-99A). Harita Dergisi, 16, 1–80.
Bildirici, İ. Ö. and Abbak, R. A., 2017. Comparison of ASTER and SRTM digital elevation models at one-arc-second resolution over Turkey. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(1), 16-25.
Bildirici, İ.Ö. and Abbak, R. A., 2020. Türkiye ve Çevresinde SRTM Sayısal Yükseklik Modelinin Doğruluğu. Geomatik, 5(1), 1-11.
Bildirici, İ. Ö., Ustun, A., Selvi Z.H., Abbak, R.A., Bugdayci, İ., 2009. Assessment of shuttle radar topography mission elevation data based on topographic maps in Turkey. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 36(1), 95-104.
Çelik, R. N., Ayan, T., Erol, B., 2002. Geodetic Infrastructure Project of Marmara Earthquake Region Land Information System (MERLIS). Teknik Rapor, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, ITU 2002/06/20. 1.
Erol, B., 2007. Investigations on Local Geoids for Geodetic Applications. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Erol, B., Işık, M.S., Erol, S., 2020. An Assessment of the GOCE High-Level Processing Facility (HPF) Released Global Geopotential Models with Regional Test Results in Turkey. Remote Sensing 12(3), 586.
Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., Alsdorf, D., 2007. The shuttle radar topography mission. Reviews of geophysics, 45(2).
Gesch, D., Oimoen, M.J., Danielson, J.J., Meyer, D., 2016. Validation of the ASTER global digital elevation model version 3 over the conterminous United States. The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 41, 143.
Hirt, C., 2016. Digital terrain models. Encyclopedia of Geodesy. Springer.
Hirt, C., Filmer, M.S., Featherstone, W.E., 2010. Comparison and validation of the recent freely available ASTER-GDEM ver1, SRTM ver4. 1 and GEODATA DEM-9S ver3 digital elevation models over Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 57(3), 337-347.
Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Moritz, H., 2006. Physical Geodesy, Springer Verlag.
Kolecka, N., Kozak, J., 2014. Assessment of the accuracy of SRTM C-and X-Band high mountain elevation data: A case study of the Polish Tatra Mountains. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171(6), 897-912.
Lemoine, F.G., Kenyon, S.C., Factor, J. K., Trimmer, R. G., Pavlis, N. K., Chinn, D. S., Cox, C. M., Klosko, S. M., Luthcke, S. B., Torrence, M. H., 1998. The development of the joint NASA GSFC and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) geopotential model EGM96. Teknik Rapor, NASA/TP-1998-206861, Earth Resources And Remote Sensing, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 584p.
Luedeling, E., Siebert, S., Buerkert, A., 2007. Filling the voids in the SRTM elevation model—A TIN-based delta surface approach. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 62(4), 283-294.
Maune, D. F., Nayegandhi, A., 2019. Digital elevation model technologies and applications: the DEM users Manual 3rd Edition, ASPRS Publications.
Mouratidis, A., Briole, P., Katsambalos, K., 2010. SRTM 3 DEM (versions 1, 2, 3, 4) validation by means of extensive kinematic GPS measurements: a case study from North Greece. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31(23), 6205-6222.
Mouratidis, A., Karadimou, G., Dimitrios, A., 2017. Extraction and Validation of Geomorphological Features from EU-DEM in the Vicinty of the Mygdonia Basin, Northern Greece. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 95, 032009, 2-9. doi :10.1088/1755-1315/95/3/032009
Mukherjee, S., Joshi, P.K., Mukherjee, S., Ghosh, A., Grag, R.D., Mukhopadhyay, A., 2013. Evaluation of vertical accuracy of open source Digital Elevation Model (DEM). International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 21, 205-217.
Mukul, M., Srivastava, V., Mukul, M., 2015. Analysis of the accuracy of shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) height models using international global navigation satellite system service (IGS) network. Journal of Earth System Science, 124(6), 1343-1357.
Mukul, M. S., Srivastava, V., Jade, S., Mukul, M., 2017. Uncertainties in the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) Heights: Insights from the indian Himalaya and Peninsula. Scientific Reports, 7, 41672.
Sümer, E. Ö., Gürçay, B., Pekesin, B. F., Avcı, K., Koruyucu, M., Dağlıyar, A., Teoman, A., Topçu, T., Özgüner, C., 2006. ASTER Uydu Verisi Uygulamaları: Türkiye'den Örnekler. Özel Yayın Serisi-5, Maden Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, 70, Ankara. ISBN: 975-8964-41-0.
Tachikawa1, T., Kaku, M., Iwasaki, A., Gesch, D., Oimoen, M., Zhang, Z., Danielson, J., Krieger, T., Curtis, B., Haase, J., Abrams, M., Crippen, R., Carabajal, C., 2011. ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2 – Summary of Validation Results. U.S., NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center 25.
Varga, M., Bašić, T., 2013. Quality assessment and comparison of Global Digital Elevation Models on the territory of Republic of Croatia. Kartografija i geoinformacije (Cartography and Geoinformation), 12(20), 4-17.
Varga, M., Bašić, T., 2015. Accuracy validation and comparison of global digital elevation models over Croatia. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 36(1), 170-189.
Wechsler, S. P., 2003. Perceptions of digital elevation model uncertainty by DEM users. Urisa-Washington DC, 15(2), 57-64.
Yap, L., Kandé, L.H., Nouayou,R., Kamguia, J., Ngouh, N.A., Makuate M.B., 2019. Vertical accuracy evaluation of freely available latest high-resolution (30 m) global digital elevation models over Cameroon (Central Africa) with GPS/leveling ground control points. International Journal of Digital Earth, 12(5), 500-524.
Yılmaz A., Alp O., Okul A., Eker O., Erdoğan M., 2015. Türkiye için Hassas Yükseklik Modeli Üretimi. TUFUAB III. Teknik Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 21-25 Mayıs, Konya, 294-301.
Yue, L., Shen, H., Zhang, L., Zheng, X., Zhang, F., Yuan, Q., 2017. High-quality seamless DEM generation blending SRTM-1, ASTER GDEM v2 and ICESat/GLAS observations. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 123, 20-34.
İnternet kaynakları
1- https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/, (27.05.2020).
2- https://idems.maps.arcgis.com/home/index.html, (28.05.2020).
3- https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/, (29.05.2020)
4- https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/, (29.05.2020)
5- https://www.harita.gov.tr/anasayfa, (29.05.2020)
6- https://www.dlr.de/eoc/en/desktopdefault.aspx/ tabid-5515/9214_read-17716/, (29.05.2020)
7- https://www.nga.mil/About/History/NGAinHistory/ Pages/ SRTM.aspx, (29.05.2020)
8- https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/, (29.05.2020)
9- http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/srtmdata/, (29.05.2020)
10- http://icgem.gfz-potsdam.de/, (29.05.2020)
11- https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2012/template/ WGS_84.pdf, (29.05.2020)